查询词典 breach of contracts

B Benefit and detriment Historically, the mon law action of debt was said to require a quid pro quo, and that requirement may have led to statements that consideration must be a benefit to the promisor But contracts were enforced in the mon-law action of assumpsit without any such requirement; in actions of assumpsit the emphasis was rather on the harm to the promisee, and detrimental reliance on a promise may still be the basis of contractual relief See 90 But reliance is not essential to the formation of a bargain, and remedies for breach have long been given in cases of exchange of promise for promise where neither party has begun to perform Today when it is said that consideration must involve a detriment to the promisee, the supposed requirement is often qualified by a statement that a "legal detriment" is sufficient even though there is no economic detriment or other actual loss It is more realistic to say simply that there is no requirement of detriment

b收益和损害。从历史来看，普通法上的债的行为被认为要求一个等价物，而且这一要求还可能导出这样的结论：约因必须是允诺人获益。但在缺乏这一要求的契约在普通法上的违约之诉中仍然得到执行；在违约之诉中，强调的是对受允诺人的损害，而且对允诺的有害依赖可能仍然是契约救济的基础。参见第90条。但是信赖对协商的成立并非必要性因素，而且在任何一方当事人均未开始履行的允诺交换允诺的案例中，早已规定了违约救济。现在，当有人认为约因必须包括一个对于受允诺人的损害时，其假设的要求经常由此表述得以满足："一个"法律上的损害即使在没有经济损害或者其他实际损失的情况下仍然是充分的。认为没有对于损害的要求的主张是更加现实的。

In up-to-date China, the compensation about breach of faith in contracts of employment which is contraindication will be defined unfair compensation.

在资讯劳动时代的中国，劳动合同中显失公平的违约金条款堪称不公平违约金条款。

Chitty on contracts case, the judge held that punitive damages be limited to compensation for breach of marriage.

在关于合同的 Chitty 案件中，法官认为惩罚性赔偿只限于违反婚约的赔偿。

The People's Bank of China shall take specific measures pertinently, build up archives of information on the business of commercial acceptance bills within its jurisdiction gradually, and do a good job in monitoring and analyzing the business of commercial acceptance bills within its jurisdiction, it shall build up a "blacklist" of those which unreasonably refuse and defer the payments under commercial acceptance bills, circularize the blacklist to the public at regular intervals, attach more social attention to the payments in breach of contracts, and impose severer punishments on the enterprises that breach contracts.

人民银行要有针对性地采取具体措施，逐步建立辖内商业承兑汇票业务信息档案，做好辖内商业承兑汇票业务的监测与分析工作；建立无理拒付、拖延支付商业承兑汇票的"黑名单"制度，定期向社会通报，增强违约支付的社会关注程度，加大对违约企业的惩戒力度。

Article 32 Employees shall not be held in breach of their employment contracts if they refuse to perform dangerous operations that are instructed in violation of regulations or peremptorily ordered by management staff of the Employer.

第三十二条劳动者拒绝用人单位管理人员违章指挥、强令冒险作业的，不视为违反劳动合同。

This thesis made out creative analysis on credit risk management of stated-owned commercial banks under information asymmetry as follows:(1) It pointed out that banks can set for claim for compensation in credit contracts, so that companies that breach the faith would be published once the breach occurred.(2) It suggested that banks can set committees in companies to supervise the application of capitals, in order to make sure that specific capital should be used in specific projects.(3) It advised that special departments, acting like independent directors, can be set by banks enterprises to supervise the shared information, so that to decrease moral risk.

本文的创新点在于对信息不对称下的国有商业银行信用风险管理提出了如下几点对策：(1)银企双方在签订贷款合同时可以建立违约索赔的机制，一旦银行发现企业违约，而对方至少应该受到经济上的制裁；(2)建议银行设立投资监控管理委员会，对企业资金的使用状况进行监督管理，以保证借出的资金不被挪用到其他项目，做到专款专用；(3)在银企双方设立类似于独立董事的机制，对信息的透明度进行监控，保证企业不出现道德风险方面的问题。

The main reason for the debtors' co-operations is: the debt-collectors normally "catch the ball before the bound" to implement their commitment actions to punish, and because of the lack of information about possible punishments the debt-collectors would carry out, the high expected cost of collecting and examining information, the uncertainty of the type of debt-collectors as well as the great probability of pugnacity on the part of debt-collectors by nature, the punishment commitment of debt-collectors would become more credible, the expected cost of debtors' breach of contracts would increase correspondingly, and as a result, the debtors have to choose cooperation passively.

债务人合作的主要原因是：收债人"先下手为强"实施威慑的承诺行动，而因债务人对收债人可能采取的惩罚措施缺乏充分信息，信息搜索和检验成本太高，收债人类型不确定，且天性好斗的概率偏大等因素，导致收债人惩罚的可置信度进一步提高，债务人违约的预期成本较高，从而被动选择合作。

Most of the subscription book has such an agreement:"In signing this subscription the number of days after the signing of a formal pre-sale contracts, overdue are considered breach of contract buyers, developers have the right to forfeiture of deposit."

大多数认购书有这样的协议："在签署本认购的天数后，签署了一项正式的预售合同，逾期视为违反合同的买家，开发商有权没收定金。"

The system is comprised of the principle of fault-liability, the principle of Res ipsa loquitur and the principle of no-fault liability in detail. Each regulates imputation of breach of disparate contracts.

因此 ，有必要对我国合同责任的归责原则进行深入的研究和阐释，以统一执法思想，正确审理合同纠纷案件。

This article draws a conclusion that liability for breach of contracts can be applied in mental damage by theoretical analysis and observation from comparatives law .

本文通过分析传统的观点，并进行比较法上的考察，认为在违约责任中可以适用精神损害赔偿。

Graf, without question, is the greatest women's player in history.

格拉芙，现在，毫无疑问是女子网坛历史上最伟大的选手。

If not, you will have to look around at all your important data.

如果没有，您将需要检查所有的重要数据。