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Methods: 1. Experimental laparoscopic liver resection: We selected pigs as experimental models aiming to approach human beings physiological and anatomical condition. After CO2 pneumoperitoneum was established, the ligaments around liver were dissociated. Livers were cut off by the methods such as clamp dissection, microwave tissue coagulator, ultrasound dissector, Ligsure dissection, hand-assisted, short abdominal incision laparoscopy-assisted, and Endo-GIA switcher. The operation time and bleeding volume were compared between different methods of laparoscopic liver resection. The advantages and limitations of different methods were summarized. 2. Clinical laparoscopic liver resection: 15 cases with tumors in segment V of anterior right lobe or segments II, III of left lateral lobe or segment IV of left internal lobe were selected in this study. The liver diseases included hepatocellular cancer, hepatic cavernous hemangioma and hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia. The ligaments around liver were dissociated after CO2 pneumoperitoneum established. Laparoscopic liver resection were carried out by some of the methods combined such as clamp dissection, microwave tissue coagulator, hand-assisted, short abdominal incision laparoscopy-assisted, ultrasound dissector, rotation and suction dissector.

1、实验性腹腔镜肝切除：以猪为实验动物，旨在接近人体的生理、解剖环境下进行实验，建立操作空间后游离肝脏周围韧带，采用钳夹分离切肝法、微波刀切肝法、超声刀切肝法、Ligsure切肝法、手辅助腹腔镜肝切除法、小切口腹腔镜辅助切肝法、Endo-GIA切肝法等方法实施腹腔镜下肝切除，比较不同切肝方法的手术时间、出血量，总结各种方法的优越性及其局限性。2、临床腹腔镜肝切除：选择肿瘤位于肝右前叶第Ⅴ段、肝左外叶第Ⅱ、Ⅲ段及左内叶第Ⅳ段的15例患者，病种包括原发性肝癌、肝海绵状血管瘤、肝脏局灶性增生，建立气腹后游离肝脏周围韧带，采用钳夹分离断肝、微波刀固化后断肝、手辅助腹腔镜肝切除、小切口腹腔镜辅助肝切除、超声刀断肝、旋吸断肝等多种方法分离切线肝组织，暴露管道结构，再采用高频电凝、钛夹夹闭、缝扎止血、止血纱布覆盖、氩气刀止血、生物胶止血、Endo-GIA处理等多种方法相结合处理肝断面，统计手术完成情况、手术时间、手术出血量、术后并发症及术后住院时间等，评价腹腔镜肝切除的可行性及安全性。

This thesis analyzes the types and art trait of solar-assisted heat pump water heater, the development trend of direct expansion solar-assisted heat pump water heater, makes a summary of these research results from six aspects. On the basis of these works and from the point of view of receiving optimum solar radiation , the thesis develops a novel design model of direct expansion solar-assisted heat pump water heater with a truncated cone collector/evaporator, theoretically analyzes the heat that the system can absorb, compares its ability with other two types of cylinder and flat plate ones, and calculates COP and EER with computer aids. The results show that a truncated cone direct expansion solar-assisted heat pump water heater can absorb not only more solar energy but heat energy in air. It takes on favorable thermal performance. Under the average day in February which is of the worst weather throughout the year in Kunming, the COP is about 4. 2, EER is about 2.9 . The heat absorbed by the system are more than those of the other systems. The system is very great in terms of saving

本文分析研究了太阳能热泵热水系统的分类及技术特点，直膨式太阳能热泵技术国内外发展趋势，从六个方面对直膨式太阳能热泵热水系统的研究进行了归纳总结；在此基础之上，从太阳辐射的最佳接收考虑，提出了集热器／蒸发器为圆台侧面的圆台型直膨式太阳能热泵热水器的设计模型，理论上分析了这种热水系统所接收的太阳辐射和得热量，并与圆柱型、平板型的直膨式太阳能热泵热水系统进行对比分析，通过计算机辅助模拟计算出：系统不但可以有效地吸收太阳能，还能有效地吸收空气中的热量，具有良好的热性能；在昆明，以2月为代表的冬季，其太阳辐照较低，系统的制热系数COP值也能达到4.2，效能比EER值为2.9；系统的得热量高出圆柱型、平板型的直膨式太阳能热泵热水系统，节能效果明显。

Finally, the paper presents a relatively complete plan for the reform of course system regarding such special topics as projection principles and basic drawing skills, applied foundation of projection graphics and general purpose computer assisted graphics software, mechanical drawing and general purpose computer assisted drawing software, special computer assisted drawing topics, etc.

多媒体计算机辅助教学以其声音、图像、动画、文字为一体的技术特点，为教学手段的现代化及教学课程体系的改革带来了很好的机遇。

According to the operational application characters of rocket assisted torpedo, as well as the definition, applicable occasion, and implementing means of ship-to-air missile, ship-to-ship missile, and acoustic homing torpedo salvo, this paper analyses and achieves the definition and conception of rocket assisted torpedo salvo in order to improve the actual training and operation, and enhance the anti-submarine capability of surface formation.

针对火箭助飞鱼雷这一反潜利器，本文根据其作战使用特点，参考舰空、舰舰导弹及管装声自导鱼雷齐射的定义、使用时机和组织实施方法，分析了与实际训练和作战相契合的火箭助飞鱼雷齐射相应的定义和概念，对火箭助飞鱼雷的作战使用及发挥我方水面舰艇编队反潜作战能力具有重要意义。

A line-split solution assisted by edge-constrained TIN and a organization method assisted by algebraic characters of winding number are presented for fast construction of vector buffer from buffer curve.

13，提出从缓冲曲线得到缓冲区的边约束三角网辅助切割方法和利用环绕系数的代数特征辅助重组的方法。

Air-assisted electrostatic spraying technology is a spray technology which integrated the advantages of air-assisted hydraulic spraying technology and electrostatic spraying technology. It not only atomize the droplet again, but also reduce the droplet drift, increase the deposition and adhesion performance of pesticide in the plant leaves. It can increase the efficiency of chemical using, reduce the pesticide"s waste and environment pollution, make the full use of resource and reduce the cost of production. It can also increase the agriculture sustainable development and reduce the chemical"s threat to the environment.

风送式静电喷雾技术是综合风送式液力喷雾技术与静电喷雾技术优点的一种喷雾技术，它不仅可以二次雾化雾滴，还可以减少雾滴漂移，增加农药在植株叶片上的沉积和附着性能，这对提高农药的利用率，减少药液的浪费和环境污染，使资源得到更合理的利用和降低生产成本，减少化学农药对环境的破坏等具有重要的意义。

In this essay, we summarized the characteristics of molecular marker-assisted selection, focused on improving qualitative and quantitative characters, backcross breeding and gene polymerization. At the same time, the problems and potential prospects of molecular marker-assisted selection have also been discussed.

综述了分子标记辅助选择的特点，重点介绍了分子标记辅助选择在水稻育种上的利用现状，主要包括质量性状改良、数量性状改良、回交育种、基因聚合等方面的应用进展，同时讨论了该技术存在的问题以及发展前景和展望。

Peter Singer is one of the few bioethicist that offers sound arguments to most of the bioethical issues, such as killing and euthanasia. His arguments for euthanasia are meticulous and strong and such arguments could be extended to support physician assisted suicide. Thus, this dissertation takes Singer's approach for the analysis of the issue, and, argues and seeks a morally acceptable outlet for physician assisted suicide.

而由於辛格可说是生命伦理学的巨擘，对於生命伦理学里的多数议题提出相当完善的论据，如对於杀生与自愿安乐死的议题，即提出详细且严谨的论据，且由其支持自愿安乐死之论据可申论为支持医助自杀之论据，因此本文以辛格之进路来论医助自杀，以期为医助自杀寻找一条道德上可以接受的出路。

Forming part of the paragraph L / D ≥ 1 and for forming slip paragraph 1 / 2 of the gas-assisted die, as the entrance to the storage of elastic strain energy in the gas-assisted paragraph has been fully released from the mold after the swollen out of the mouth than with the Import model geometry has nothing to do

对于成型段部位L/D≥1且滑移段为成型段1/2的气辅口模，由于入口储存的弹性应变能在气辅段已经完全释放，离模后挤出胀大比与口模入口几何结构无关。

Objective To evaluate the effect of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgeryand video-assisted minithoraco-tomy surgeryon diagnosis and treatment of traumatic euplastic hemothorax.

目的 探讨外伤性机化性血胸的病因、手术适应证及电视胸腔镜手术和电视胸腔镜小切口手术在诊治中的作用。

In this new architectural plan the Garden of Golgotha came to be at the centre of the new city.

Aelia 是高举他自己，并在此城内朝拜罗马诸神。

The continuous nature of peat accumulation means that terrestrial coaly rocks may provide a higher resolution and more complete record of base-level change than the time-equivalent shallow-marine strata, thus enabling the identification of highfrequency cycles that are not recorded in themarine strata.

泥炭积累的持续性质的手段，陆地coaly岩石可提供较高的分辨率和更完整的记录基准面变化的影响时，相当于浅海阶层，从而使确定的高频周期，不记录在themarine 阶层。