查询词典 allocation problem

In the part of empirical analysis of Chinese IPO first-day return, the difference between existing study and this study is that we use principal components analysis to extract from five factors to construct investors'sentiment index, add it to controled varibles, on which we examine the influence of offering mechanism on IPO first-day return. Moreover, we gather statistics and compare the IPO holding return for lockup period between fixed-price-class offering method and bookbuilding-class offering method, as well as price range between Chinese A-share market and Hongkong stock market, which prvide comprehensive evidence to appraise Chinese IPO bookbuilding mechanism. 2. Compare to the existing literatures which consider discount or allocation, incentive allocation and discount are considered at the same time in optimal mechanism design in this dissertation, and the offering bottom price is introduced to the price range. We investigate the relationship between price range and allocation quantity, and obtain the optimal price range and allocation strategy so that the advantages of independent allocation are reflected. On the other hand, the disadvantages of independent allocation are reflected in the manipulation in case of no restriction on IPO allocation. To distinguish from the existing literatures, bookbuilding mechanism is introduced to the model. We study the allocation strategy adopted by the underwriter in the pooling equilibrium of manipulation. In addition, we analyze the incentive compatibility conditions to which the existence of pooling equilibrium should satisfy and examine some factors'impact on the existence of manipulation.3. In bookbuilding without independent IPO allocation, Chinese realistic IPO background is considered and the condition of bookbuilding and fixed-price hybrid offering is added. Divide bookbuilding and fixed-price hybrid offering into sequential hybrid and simultaneous hybrid, and point out that the key points of subscription strategy in the two kinds of hybrid are different. Through modeling and simulation we obtain the impact of institutional investors'subscription strategy on bookbuilding without independent IPO allocation, which fill the gap in related research. Moreover, in the part of IPO bookbuilding with over-allotment option, the pricing strategy is divided into hot-IPO strategy and weak-IPO strategy. Take into account the procedure of Chinese IPO with over-allotment option, it presents how the underwriter determines the pricing strategy and what effect it brings to offering price and issue size through modeling and simulation. Therefore, it is instructive as a complement to existing literatures.

此外，对我国A股市场询价发行方式与固定价格发行方式下的IPO锁定期到期时持有收益率、以及我国A股市场与香港市场的询价发行价格区间进行了统计比较，为评价我国IPO市场的询价发行提供了比较全面的依据。2、相比已有文献仅考虑折价和分配中的一种激励措施，本论文在有自主配售权下的机制设计中并用了分配与折价两种激励措施，并且在价格区间的制定中引入发行底价，考察了价格区间与分配量之间的关系，得到最优的价格区间和分配策略，从中体现自主分配权的优点；在有自主分配权下的操纵行为研究中则体现了自主配售权的弊端，与已有文献不同的是，在模型中引入了累计投标询价机制，研究了承销商在混同均衡操纵中采取的分配策略，并对操纵存在的条件进行分析讨论，得出各个因素对混同均衡操纵存在的影响。3、在无自主分配权下的询价发行中，充分考虑了我国实际应用的背景，加入了与固定价格发售混合的条件，并将询价与固定价格混合发行分为序贯与同步两种方式，指出机构投资者在两种情况下申购策略的侧重点各有不同，通过对序贯混合发行方式下的网下累计投标策略以及同步混合发行方式下的资金分配策略的模型建立和数值仿真，考察了机构投资者申购策略对无自主分配权下的询价发行的影响，填补了相关研究文献的空白；在包含超额配售选择权的询价发行中，将发行定价策略分为热销策略和弱销策略，在考虑了我国含超额配售选择权的发行流程下，通过建模以及数值仿真得出承销商会对发行定价策略作出怎样的选取，进而会对新股发行价格、发售数量产生怎样的影响，对目前相关研究的缺乏做出了有益的补充。

Meanwhile, we highlight several research corners for future further study, the trade-offs on resource allocation within perennial plant had not been proved, the relationship of neighbor effects and reproductive allocation was still not so clear for individual plant, there was no definite conclusion on perennial plant reproductive strategy under different neighbor effects and different habitats. The relationship between reproductive allocation and sexual allocation , the cause of resource distribution in anthotaxy structure, the similarities and differences of reproductive allocation and the maintain mechanism within all kinds of reproductivest rategy need a further investigation. In addition, a molecular study is required for explaining the variation mechanism and the biological meanings on seed size research.

指出生活史研究仍存在不足首先是研究内容上，资源分配在多年生植物中的权衡仍未被有力证明，邻体效应与繁殖分配的关系在个体水平上仍不明了，多年生植物在不同邻体效应和生境下将采取何种繁殖对策目前尚无明确的结论；繁殖分配与性分配之间的关系，引起花序结构上资源分配差异的原因，各种繁殖对策中繁殖分配异同与维持机制等问题仍有待于进一步的研究；种子大小的变异机制以及生物学意义仍未得到令人满意的答复，更需分子水平上的研究来解释其机理。

The primary views as following: water rights allocation means to distribute the natural resource water's usufructs, real right of product water and water-abstract rights in different areas and among various subjects by government or market, which is an important method to use water efficiently and to better resources structure; water rights allocation should emphasize the value of efficiency and equity; water rights administrative allocation should follow nine principles such as the principle of the priority to residents' daily water and take into consideration the domestic water and the environment water, the principles of sustainable development, of united planning and macro-adjustment, total quantity control and ration management, plan the distribution of water by unit of drainage area, respecting the conventional water rights, earlier applicants first in the same sort of rights, combination of administrative allotment and transference with compensation, the water rights gained by transferring is terminable; water rights allocation inside the government departments should distribute according to population, area, and output via planning and negotiation means; water rights allocation outside the government departments should decide the use order according to the kind of water, which can be realized by competition or non-competition methods.

主要观点是：水权配置是运用行政或市场手段对自然资源水的使用权、产品水物权和取水权在不同区域之间或不同用水主体之间的分配，是有效利用水资源、实现资源优化组合的重要手段；水权配置应当兼顾效益和公平两大价值目标；水权行政配置应当遵循居民生活用水优先并兼顾生活和生态环境用水、促进人类可持续发展、统一规划宏观调配、总量控制定额管理以供定需、以流域为单元制定分水方案、尊重习惯水权、同类水权申请在先、无偿划拨与有偿出让相结合、出让方式获得水权有期限等九大原则；水权行政内部配置应当以人口、面积、产值等为依据通过计划和协商等方式进行配置；水权行政外部配置应当按照用水类别确定不同的用水顺序，并通过竞争性和非竞争性手段实现。

Reliability allocation is an important phase of overall system design. Traditional methods for solving reliability allocation problems, such as AGREE allocation, proportional allocation and so on, have different advantages and shortcomings.

系统可靠性分配是型号总体设计的一个重要环节，传统的用于解决可靠性分配问题的方法，如AGREE分配法、比例分配法等，具有不同的优缺点。

In order to understand the pros and cons of variance allowance allocation rule (i.e. grandfathering, benchmark and auctioning mixed allocation rule), we surveyed the stakeholders' attitude with regard to implement Emission Trading Scheme in Taiwan. We found that almost 70% people more like auctioning mixes allocation principle than other two allocation methods.

为了解不同排放权核配方式之优劣，藉以提出客观的核配建议，本研究调查台湾能源密集产业利害关系人对实施排放交易制度之态度发现，约七成受访者希望以混合拍卖之方式核配排放权。

In order to understand the pros and cons of variance allowance allocation rule (i.e. grandfathering, benchmark and auctioning mixed allocation rule), we surveyed the stakeholders' attitude with regard to implement Emission Trading Scheme in Taiwan. We found that almost 70% people more like auctioning mixes allocation principle than other two allocation methods.

中文摘要爲了解不同排放权核配方式之优劣，藉以提出客观的核配建议，本研究调查台湾能源密集产业利害关系人对实施排放交易制度之态度发现，约七成受访者希望以混合拍卖之方式核配排放权。

Judging from the historical change of international legislation concerning the onus probandi allocation of the carrier in sea transportation claims and from the challenges of theories of the onus probandi by some of China's legislative regulations, there is not a general standard for the allocation of onus probandi. There is a close relationship between this allocation and civil responsibility. In present age, China can consider solve the allocation of onus probandi by means of legal explanation.

从关于海运索赔中承运人过失举证责任分配的国际立法的历史变化和部分国内立法的有关规定对举证责任分配诸学说的挑战中得到的启示是，不存在举证责任分配的一般性标准，更不应过于迷信罗森贝克的规范说；举证责任分配与民事责任之间存在密切联系；我国目前可以考虑用法律解释的方法解决举证责任分配问题。

In the study on allocation of risks in BOT project, have broken through and is limited to the research in the legal meaning that BOT is practiced, explore the method that BOT project risk shares reasonably and effectively, has designed and set up the mechanism of allocation of risks of BOT project on the system aspect, and has arranged many kinds of measures to different systems, has guaranteed the practicability of this mechanism, have offered the new thinking and method for solving the problem of allocation of risks in BOT project.

在对BOT项目风险分担的研究中，突破了限于BOT实践而在法律意义上的研究，探索BOT项目风险合理、有效分担的方法，在制度层面上设计并建立了BOT项目的风险分担机制，并针对不同的制度安排了多种措施，保证了该机制的实用性，为解决BOT项目风险分担问题提供了新的思路。

Traditional link access control algorithm such as LBRCA（Link Bandwidth Require Control Algorithm） has the problem of high link access rejection probability and low bandwidth resource usage ratio.A model of sharing bandwidth allocation in multi-link is proposed,the features of link bandwidth allocation and QoS level are also discussed.The DBAMQ（dynamic bandwidth allocation and multi-level QoS） link access control algorithm is presented.In this algorithm,the bandwidth is readjusted according to variable QoS level.

针对传统的基于带宽请求链路接入控制算法（Link Bandwidth Require Control Algorithm，LBRCA）的接入成功率和系统带宽利用率不高的问题，设计了一种多链路接入共享带宽分配模型，分析了链路带宽分配和QoS等级的特点，提出一种动态带宽分配分级QoS链路接入控制算法DBAMQ（Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation and Multi-level QoS），该算法在保证某QoS等级的基础上允许动态地对系统的带宽进行重分配。

Chapter one of this text has recommended the foreign insurance to apply financial economy to the products pricing method of insurance company, but these methods have not explained how to determine the fair premium of the multiple-line insurance company .In order to solve many business line insurance company pricing problem, chapter two introduce an very important model in insurance company capital allocation field - MR capital allocation model, through deriving capital allocation formula and simulation analysis indicate MR model allocate multiple- line insurance company capital scientifically. In order to apply MR model to non-life insurance pricing, chapter three will extend MR model to introduce loss 3 and layer P . Since the premise of MR model is a certain market price of loss, the chapter four will use the risk-neutral probability transformation technique to get the market value of loss. Under lognormal distribution, we will use location parameter shift and proportional PH transformation to illuminate the technique. The final chapter combines the prior sections result to deduce out the fair premium formula, and apply it to price the catastrophe insurance.

本文的第一章介绍了国外保险业将财务经济学应用到保险公司产品定价的方法，但是这些方法都没有说明如何确定多业务线保险公司的公平保费；为了解决多业务线保险公司定价问题，第二章引入保险公司资本配置领域非常重要的一个模型—MR资本配置模型，通过推导资本配置公式及模拟分析表明MR模型科学地配置了多业务线公司的资本；为了将MR模型应用到非寿险公司的定价中去第三章扩展了MR模型，引入了损失β和层β的概念：由于MR模型的前提条件是有一个确定的损失市场价值，第四章利用风险中性转化方法获得损失的市场价值，在损失为对数正态分布的条件下，通过位置参数转化和比例危险转化方法给出了实例说明；第五章结合前几章的结果给出非寿险公司公平保费的定价公式，并运用它给出了巨灾保险价格的模拟分析。

Now he worked in ajoint venture.

现在他在一家合资企业工作。

More troops in Afghanistan won't change any of the foregoing.

更多的在阿富汗的军队也不会改变之前的状况。