查询词典 Rutherford's atomic model

Rutherford and Teller were both immigrants who became fiercely patriotic in defense of their adopted countries. Both often behaved like overgrown children, losing their tempers over trivialities and then regaining their equilibrium with a friendly smile. Both were father figures to their students, taking care of students' personal problems as well as their professional education. Both were more interested in the strategy of science than in the tactics. Rutherford made the decision to explore nuclei with an accelerator, and then left the details of the accelerator to Cockcroft and Walton. Teller made the decision to build a hydrogen bomb or a safe reactor and then left the details to others. Both had a lifelong dedication to science, but spent more time helping younger people than doing research themselves. Teller published his version of the hydrogen bomb story under the title The Work of Many People. The names of Cockcroft and Walton appear on the letter to Nature announcing their discovery but Rutherford's does not. My name appears on the patent for the safe reactor but Teller's does not.

卢瑟福和泰勒都是移民，都对维护他们移民去的国家表示出狂热的爱国主义情绪；两者的行为都很像身体过度发育的孩子，对琐事大发雷霆，随后又若无其事，友好亲切；两者都对学生像父亲一样，既关心他们的个人问题，也关心他们的学业；两者都多科学研究的策略而不是技巧更感兴趣，卢瑟福决定用加速器研究原子，把有关加速器的细节问题留给卡斯喀特和华尔顿，泰勒决定造氢弹和安全反应堆，然后把细节问题留给其他人；两人都把一生献给科学研究，但花费在帮助年轻人的时间比自己做研究的时间要多得多；泰勒以《齐心协力》为标题讲述了他眼中的氢弹故事；卡斯喀特和华尔顿的名字出现在写给《自然》杂志宣布他们发现的信中，但信中没有卢瑟福的名字，我的名字出现在安全反应堆专利中，但也没有泰勒的名字。

The theoretical system for describing the structures of organic and drug molecules using 3 types of molecular electronegativity-distance is created based on various atomic types and atomic attributes. These MEDVs include MEDV-4 based on 4 atomic types and relative electronegativity and relative bond length to carbon atom, and molecular holographic distance vector based on 13 atomic types and relative bond length to carbon atom, and MEDV-13 based on 13 atomic types and atomic attributes and the modified electrotopological state index.

通过不同原子类型与原子属性划分方案，创建了3种形式的分子电性距离矢量即以4种原子类型划分方案和以碳原子为标准的相对电负性与相对键长为基础的分子电性距离矢量MEDV-4、以13种原子类型划分方案和相对键长为基础的全息分子距离矢量MHDV、以13种原子类型与43种原子属性划分方案以及修饰的电拓扑状态指数和拓扑距离为基础的分子电性距离矢量MEDV-13等3种矢量描述子表征分子结构的理论体系。

For example, H, atomic weight of 100,794 hydrogen, carbon FC atomic weight of 1201, the atomic weight of oxygen O for 1594, Copper Cu for F63546 and so on. F history, had also used the other two kinds of "benchmarks", and there have been two kinds of scales used in parallel .1803 years, J Dalton published the first atomic table, the hydrogen-quality of the original F son as a "benchmark "requiring H, atomic weight is 1. In 1826, JJ Berzelius Tony F are presented to the quality of 116 oxygen atoms O as a" baseline "(scheduled for O, E atomic weight 16), which is has been in use to 1961 "Oxygen unit." 1929, found that the oxygen in nature, in addition to the greatest abundance of 16O, there are a small amount of slightly heavier 17O and 18O two kinds of isotopes, and the different sources of oxygen, its composition is slightly different.

例如氢H的原子量为100794，碳FC的原子量为1201，氧O的原子量为1594，铜Cu为F63546等。F历史上，还曾用过另外两种"基准"，并且有过两种标度并行使用。1803年，J道尔顿发表的第一张原子量表，把氢原F子的质量作为"基准"，规定H的原子量为1.1826年，JJ贝F采利乌斯提出，以氧原子O质量的116作为"基准"（定O的E原子量为16），这就是一直沿用到1961年的"氧单位"。1929年发现，自然界中的氧，除丰度最大的16O以外，还有少量稍重的17O和18O两种同位素，并且不同来源的氧，其组成也稍有不同。

We show that the atomic c.m motion dont affect the atomic spectrum phase sensitivity when there is no correlation between atomic cm. motion and the field. With the increase of the average energy for atomic cm. motion, the peaks of the emission spectrum move towards each other, their heights change according to the state of the field and atomic motion. While there is correlation between atomic c.m.

当原子质心运动与光场无关联时，原子质心运动不影响原子发射谱对原子偶极矩和光场相对相位的敏感性，随着原子质心运动平均能量的增加，原子发射谱峰间的相对距离变小，峰高的变化与原子质心运动和光场所处的状态有关。

The four models were analyzed and normalized. We studied the procedure and method of building forest fire model base. Model base was build by object-oriented method based on category of model. Forest fire spreading models algorithm were implemented. We designed model dictionary base, model file base, and model knowledge base. Model base administration and maintenance functions were developed and implemented model file management, parameter management and knowledge management. The problems of interface between of model base and database were solved by means of model data control files. Model base ensured the availability of supporting for forest fire model suitability selection technology and forest fire model self-adapting updating technology.(3) Based on BP artificial neural network, we designed a frame construction of forest fire model selection of suitability. Forest fire model selection knowledge was produced through BP artificial neural network.

2建立了林火模型库建设的林火蔓延模型评价标准，根据模型评价标准和试验区实际情况，在42个林火蔓延模型中选择了目前最具有影响力和最具有典型代表性的Rothermel模型、王正非模型、加拿大模型和澳大利亚模型进行了解析和归一化处理；对林火模型库的建库过程和方法进行了研究，在林火模型分类基础上，采用面向对象的模型库表示方法建立了林火模型库；实现了林火蔓延模型算法，设计了模型字典库、模型文件库和模型知识库；开发了模型库管理与维护功能，实现了模型的文件管理、参数管理和知识管理；通过模型数据管理文件解决了模型库与数据库之间接口问题；实现了林火模型库对林火模型适宜性选择和林火模型自适应修正技术的有效支持。

What is called atomic proposition is a deep thinking on atomic events of the objective world. Atomic events di- vide into two major categories: closed atomic events and open atomic events.

所谓原子命题就是关于客观世界的原子事件的思考；原子事件分闭原子事件和开原子事件两大类。

The thesis studies the difference between GWSs composition and traditional workflow applications, proposes the implement mechanism and technical architecture of GWSs composition and defines the reference model of GWSs composition platform, which provide holistic framework and top-level guidance for studying dynamic GWSs composition technology, designing GWSs composition platform, and implementing representative composite service applications.2、Theories and methods of composite process modeling and process analysis. This thesis proposes a meta-model of Geo-spatial Web services composition process defining from two aspects, i.e. process and resource. According to the process definition meta-model, we propose a new Geo-spatial Web services composition Process/Resource model based on extended WF-net, which effectively resolves the problems on uncertain activity option and dynamic variation of service in composite process model. A notion with regard to soundness of process model is proposed from three aspects, i.e. the structural correctness of process model, validity of data link and validity of resource. The notion of soundness definitely gives a dividing line on correctness of composite GWS process. This thesis analyzes sufficient and essential terms of soundness, and studies compositional property of WSCP/R-net models which provides an effective method to construct a soundness WSCP/R-net model. According to WSCP/R-net, the thesis proposes composition algebra and studies the properties of it. Based on the composition algebra, 6 kinds of composite process reduction rules are induced to optimize the process.3、Geo-spatial Web service QoS model and its application architecture. This thesis proposes an extendable GWS QoS model from three aspects, i.e. Geo-spatial Web Service itself, networking conditions and service consumer which can be used to distinguish GWSs with overlapping or identical functionality. We work over the QoS evaluation methods of composite GWS process which can be used to guide the execution, monitor and service selection of composition process. Aming at some disadvantages in traditional Web service discovery model for its lacking of QoS supporting, this thesis proposes a new service discovery model SDMQ supporting QoS constraints.4、Technologies of composite service executing. SSPL, a new composite service process language, is defined to overcome the disadvantages of existing composite services process languages which can not adapt to the dynamic variation of Geo-spatial Web Services. An algorithm is described to translate WSCP/R-net model into SSPL. The thesis studies the model of dynamic services selection with QoS global optimization, presenting an algorithm GODSS to resolve dynamic services selection with QoS global optimization in GWSs Composition.5、Design and implement experimental system and representative applications. According to the research findings presented above, we design and implement an experimental system and construct two representative applications to show that our achievements are effective and practical.

针对当前空间信息服务聚合研究中存在的若干不足，本文重点在基于工作流的空间信息服务聚合框架、空间信息服务聚合流程建模和分析技术、空间信息服务QoS模型及应用体系以及空间信息服务聚合流程执行等几个方面进行深入研究，主要工作和创新点包括：1、基于工作流的空间信息服务动态聚合框架：研究了空间信息服务动态聚合和传统工作流应用的不同，在此基础上提出了基于工作流技术的空间信息服务动态聚合实现机制、技术体系和参考模型，为研究空间信息服务聚合的关键技术、开发服务聚合支撑平台以及在此基础上构造特定的空间信息服务聚合应用提供了总体框架和顶层指导。2、空间信息服务聚合流程建模和分析技术：首先基于动态服务聚合流程建模的需求和空间信息服务动态变化的应用实际，从服务聚合的过程维和资源维出发定义了服务聚合流程定义元模型；与之相对应，对基本的WF-net进行扩展，提出服务聚合流程/资源网作为空间信息服务聚合流程的形式化描述模型，有效解决了现有的基于基本Petri网和工作流网的服务聚合建模方法所不能解决的不确定路径选择和服务的动态变化性问题；从流程结构正确性、数据依赖有效性和资源实现有效性三个方面提出了WSCP/R-net健壮性的概念，明确界定了聚合流程正确性的标准，并对WSCP/R-net模型的健壮性分析方法和WSCP/R-net模型的组合特性进行了研究；提出了空间信息服务聚合代数算子并对其性质进行了研究，在此基础上提出了6种聚合流程约简规则，从而可达到优化聚合流程、提高聚合流程执行效率的目的。3、空间信息服务QoS模型和应用体系：从服务本身、网络环境和服务消费者三个层次出发，提出了一个可扩展的空间信息服务QoS模型GSQM，实现了对空间信息服务的度量和评价，并对GSQM不同质量要素信息的客观、公正采集方法进行了研究；研究了空间信息服务聚合流程QoS评价方法，有效支持了空间信息服务聚合流程的执行、监控以及服务选择等操作；针对目前的服务发现模型仅支持服务功能性描述、不能有效满足空间信息服务应用需求的现状，提出了一种新的支持QoS约束的服务发现模型SDMQ，并对模型的实现框架进行了研究。4、空间信息服务聚合流程执行技术：针对现有的服务聚合流程描述语言不能有效满足空间信息服务动态聚合流程描述的特点，基于BPEL4WS提出了一种新的空间信息服务聚合流程描述语言SSPL；研究了满足健壮性要求的WSCP/R-net模型向SSPL的转换算法，在此基础上可以满足用户无显式编码来实现空间信息服务聚合应用的目的；研究了服务动态选择QoS全局优化模型，并在此基础上提出了一种解决服务动态选择QoS全局优化问题的实现算法GODSS.5、基于论文研究成果，设计实现了"空间信息服务聚合实验系统"，并构建了"矿产资源评价"和"城市消防应急响应"两个典型应用案例，对论文所述模型、方法的可行性和有效性进行了验证。

Radioactive decay studies have found a kinds of elements can be α or β decay and the decay into another element, while the α-decay product of -α-rays became one of the deep structure of the material means of .1911, the Rutherford and others bombarded atoms with α-rays observed wide-angle deflection to determine the nuclear structure of atoms and nuclei was first proposed the term .1919 year, Rutherford and others have also found that with α-ray bombardment of nitrogen will release the nuclear protons, this is the first time Artificial realization of a nuclear reaction, after the bombardment of nuclei with the radiation caused by nuclear reaction method to become the primary means of research in nuclear.

放射性衰变研究发现了一种元素可以通过α衰变或β衰变而变成另外一种元素，而α衰变的产物——α射线又成了人们探讨物质深层结构的手段。1911年，卢瑟福等人用α射线轰击原子、观察到大角度偏折，从而确定了原子的有核结构，并首次提出原子核这一名词。1919年，卢瑟福等人又发现用α射线轰击氮核会放出质子，这是首次用人工实现的核反应，以后用射线轰击原子核来引起核反应的方法逐渐成为研究原子核的主要手段。

This work discusses and compares the methods of deriving the Rutherford scattering formula,and analyses the Rutherford scattering in the low energy(e,2e) reactions through the study on electron impact ionization of helium.

讨论和比较了用不同理论方法导出卢瑟福散射公式；分析了低能电子入射单电离氦原子(e，2e)反应中的卢瑟福散射；尤其是通过卢瑟福公式给出了有效核电荷的表达式。

He concludes that the main reason why Rutherford won was that he was not a machine builder. Van de Graaff and Lawrence were brilliant inventors, driven by passionate love for their machines. They were not so much concerned with what their machines could do when they were built. For Rutherford the machine was only a tool. He was not interested in the details of its design and trusted Cockcroft and Walton to get the details right. For him, what mattered was the science.

他认为卢瑟福获胜的主要原因是他不是一个机器建造者，风·格拉芙和劳伦斯是杰出的发明家，对他们发明的机器的爱推动着他们的工作，他们对加速器建好后能做什么并不很关心，而对卢瑟福来说，加速器只是一台工具，他对具体的设计不感兴趣，相信考克饶夫和华尔顿能够把一切具体工作做好，对他来说，重要的是科学研究。

Yet, Edith says, there was always money in the bank.

但是Edith说，她的银行户口里面总是有钱。

We have created a series of files that resolve this problem--one for each day of the 40 days of purpose.

我们制作一系列的档案去解决这问题---一个为标竿40天中的每一天。