肺泡
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Results of electronic microscope: Under the electronic microscope,lamellar body and cellular organs such as bioblast in endochylema of thethree treatment groups were more common than of the control group,especially in the 3-days dexamethasone group.
3地塞米松3天及1天治疗组每视野肺泡计数、平均肺泡表面积均高于沐舒坦治疗组(P＜0.01)，平均肺泡间隔厚度低于沐舒坦治疗组(P＜0.01)。2。
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Was presented in 12 cases (24%) by bacterial isolation. By in-situ hybridization, PCV2 signals were chiefly distributed in interstitial and necrotic lesions, and the positive signals could be found in macrophages-like cells and necrotic debris. PRRSV signals were mainly located at interstitial lesions and alveolar wall, and the positive signals could be found in macrophages-like cells and epithelial cells of alveoli. Swine influenza virus could be found in interstitial and necrotizing lesions, and the signals could be found in macrophages-like cells, and epithelial cells of terminal bronchiole and alveoli.
另运用原位杂交法对PCV2、PRRSV及猪流行性感冒病毒进行检测，结果发现PCV2主要分布於PNP的间质及坏死病灶区，并能於肺泡及终末细支气管上皮细胞、巨噬细胞与坏死细胞碎片皆可见有病毒核酸；PRRSV则多分布於间质病灶区及肺泡壁处，能於巨噬细胞与肺泡上皮细胞见到病毒核酸；SIV则存在於间质及坏死病灶区，且能於肺泡及终末细支气管上皮细胞与巨噬细胞见有病毒核酸。
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Methods Models of severe thoracic trauma were established,alveolar macrophages were obtained by collecting broncho alveolar lavage fluid,and then separated and cultured.TLR4 mRNA and the expression of TLR4 protein were measured by northern and western blot before and 2,4,8,16,24h after trauma.
建立大鼠严重胸部创伤模型，支气管肺泡灌洗分离、培养肺泡巨噬细胞，利用Western、Northern分子生物学技术检测创伤前、创伤后2、4、8、16、24小时肺泡巨噬细胞TLR4的表达水平。
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Changes of lung ultrastructures: The results of electron microscope showed that in group 1, there were swelling mitochondria was arranged in disorder, less matrix, and hyalomere appeared, thin double-deck membrane in 50% samples: Interalveolar septum stroma was with edema in 60% samples; Polymorphonuclear leukocyte gathered in vessel or emigrated out of vessel in 50% samples; In group 2, double-deck membranes of mitochondria were integral, densely matrix showed micro-granule shape in 90% samples; Pinocytosis in epithelial cells of type Ⅰ lung strengthened, being destroyed, and pinocytosis in endothelial cells strengthened in 10% samples; lnteralveolar septum stroma was with edema, no polymorphonuclear leukocyte gathered in vessel or emigrated out of vessel or corpuscule was empty in type Ⅱ alveolar epithelium in 20% samples.
肺组织超微结构改变观察：纯氧机械通气组50%标本线粒体肿胀、排列紊乱，基质变浅，出现透明区，双层膜变薄，60%标本肺泡隔间质水肿，50%标本多形核白细胞血管内聚集或游出血管外现象；34%氧浓度机械通气组90%线粒体双层膜较完整，基质致密呈细颗粒状；10%标本可观察到Ⅰ型肺上皮细胞有吞饮增强、破坏及内皮细胞吞饮增强；20%标本肺泡隔间质水肿；未见到多形核白细胞血管内聚集或游出血管外现象及Ⅱ型肺泡上皮板层小体排空。
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The superficial microvascular networks were sparser, while the subpleural microvascular networks were denser. The superficial blood vessels and the interlobular blood vessels were mutual transitional, and the anastomosing between the superficial blood vessels with the subpleural vessels. According to the branching sequence of the subpleural arteriole, it could be divided into the arteriole, terminal arteriole, precapillary arteriole and capillary in turn. The subpleural capillary networks were mainly web-like, while small holes were also found on the cast. The honeycomb vascular networks were various in size and form at a low magnification. The outline of alveolus, alveolar sac, alveolar duct and respiratory bronchiole and terminal bronchiole, made of microvascular networks, could be found in the cut surface.
胸膜面浅层的微血管网稀疏，深层的胸膜下微血管网致密；胸膜面浅层的微血管与小叶间隔的微血管之间相互移行，与胸膜下微血管之间形成吻合连接；根据胸膜下微动脉连续分支的顺序，常可将其分为微动脉、终末微动脉、毛细血管前微动脉和毛细血管四级；胸膜下毛细血管网主要以网络状的形式存在，但在铸型上均可见数量不等的"小孔状"结构；低倍镜下肺实质内微血管网呈现大小不等、形态各异的蜂窝状结构，可以见到由微血管网构成了肺泡、肺泡囊、肺泡管和呼吸性细支气管以及终末细支气管等结构的轮廓。
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Results (1) The degrees of alveolitis and pulmonary fibrosis of the model group was increased remarkably on day 7,14,28 compared with the control group (P.05), The expression of TNF-α, TGF-β1, FN protein of model group on day 7, 14, 28 was remarkably increased compared with the control group (P.05);(2)The degrees of fibrosis and the expression of TNF-α, TGF-β1 , FN protein are decreased significantly in Group B compared with Group A( P.05) but not significantly in Group C.
结果：(1)模型组肺泡炎、肺纤维化程度都明显重于对照组，肺泡炎、肺纤维化第7、14、28d差异显著(P＜0.05)；TNF-α、TGF-β_1、FN蛋白表达明显上调(P＜0.01)；(2)治疗组B组第7、14、28d肺泡炎、肺纤维化程度较模型组明显减轻，TNF-α、TGF-β_1、FN蛋白表达明显下调(P＜0.05)：(3)治疗组C组第28d肺泡炎、肺纤维化程度与模型组相似，TNF-α、TGF-β_1、FN蛋白表达与A组比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。
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Results 6 patients with PAP presented with ground-glass opacification of the bilateral lungs on HRCT. Typical chest HRCT scan showed "map-like" lesions in 3 cases and "cobble stone-like" lesions in 3 cases. Multifocal consolidative opacities in the lungs were seen on HRCT in 3 cases. Lung biopsies from 6 patients with PAP revealed a prominent positive periodic acid-Schiff intra-alveolar exudates. There were normal alveolar spetasis in 3 patients while interstitial thickening, fibroblast hyperplasia, interstitial fibrosis in the others.
结果 6例患者在不同层面可见磨玻璃影，其中2例可见小结节影；3例表现为两肺斑片状磨玻璃影与周围肺组织分界清楚，呈地图样改变；3例因磨玻璃影与小叶间隔增厚交织成铺路石样改变；3例可见肺泡实变融合成密度较高的斑片状阴影，1例在肺泡实变区可见&空气支气管征&。6例患者活检肺组织在光镜下显示肺泡腔内充满大量块状或颗粒状嗜伊红物质，PAS染色阳性，AB染色阴性，其中3例肺泡间隔正常，3例肺泡间隔增宽，可见慢性炎性细胞浸润、成纤维细胞增生和胶原沉积。
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The results showed that:(1) In COPD group the alveolar walls were broken. The average area of alveolars was 2.46 times as big as the control group, and the average diameter was 1.42 times as compared with the control group. As the diameter of bronchioles was less than 100μm and 100～200μm respectively, the average area of smooth muscle in bronchioles increased to 3.06-fold and 2.13-fold respectively. By electron microscopic, the proportion of Clara cells of respiratory bronchioles in COPD group decreased, the Clara cells were denaturalized, the proportion of Clara cells containing low density secretory granules increased. The airway resistance was 1.84 times while the dynamic compliance was only 70.45% comparing with the control group.
结果表明：(1)光镜下，COPD组大鼠与正常对照组比较，肺泡壁破坏、肺泡腔扩大，平均肺泡面积和平均肺泡直径分别为正常对照组的2.46倍和1.42倍，在直径＜100μm及直径100～200μm的小支气管，COPD组大鼠支气管平滑肌面积分别为正常对照组的3.06倍和2.13倍；电镜下可见，在呼吸性细支气管，Clara细胞占上皮细胞的比例下降，细胞变性，含低电子密度颗粒的Clara细胞比例增加；呼吸功能测定可见COPD组大鼠呼气相气道阻力是正常对照组的1.84倍、动态呼吸系统总顺应性为正常对照组的70.45％。
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Electron microscopic findings were: 1. alveolar type I cells were degenerated、 broken-down and desquamated, endothelial cells were swelled, with inter cellular tight junction shortened, alveolar type II cells hyperplastic, basement membrane thinned and deformed; 2. alveolar macrophages and interstitial macrophages were hyperplastic; 3.mast cells were infiltrated and degranulated; 4.electron-dense deposits were present at alveolar wall; 5. myofibroblasts 、fibroblasts、 collagen and basement membrane like material were hyperplastic.
电镜观察可见：(1)I型肺泡上皮细胞变性、崩解和脱落，内皮细胞肿胀，细胞间紧密连接短小，II型肺泡上皮细胞增生，基底膜变薄和破坏；(2)肺泡巨噬细胞、间质巨噬细胞增多；(3)肥大细胞浸润并见脱颗粒现象；(4)肺泡壁电子致密物沉积；(5)肌纤维母细胞、纤维母细胞、胶原原纤维及基底膜样物质增生。
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Alveolar 肺泡: When the tongue touches the alveolar ridge, the sound produced is described as alveolar.
当舌头触碰牙槽嵴，声音产生的被称为肺泡。
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alveolar ventilation：肺泡通气;肺泡通气量
altitude sickness 高山症;高原病 | alveolar ventilation 肺泡通气;肺泡通气量 | alveolus 肺泡
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pulmonary alveolus：肺泡
上皮下有薄层结缔组织和少量平滑肌,故肺泡管断面上,在肺泡开口处的肺泡隔末端呈结节状膨大. 肺泡囊 为数个肺泡的共同开口. 在相邻肺泡开口处的壁中无平滑肌,故切片中,此处无结节状膨大. 肺泡(pulmonary alveolus) 呈多面形囊泡,壁极薄,由肺泡上皮围成.
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alveolar macrophage：肺泡巨噬细胞
有的巨噬细胞游走入肺泡腔内,称肺泡巨噬细胞(alveolar macrophage). 肺巨噬细胞的吞噬、免疫和分泌作用都十分活跃,有重要防御功能. 吸入空气中的尘粒、细菌等异物进入肺泡和肺间质,多被巨噬细胞吞噬清除,故细胞胞质内常见尘粒、细菌等物进入肺泡和肺间质,
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vesicular rale：肺泡罗音
vesicular breathing sounds 肺泡呼吸音 | vesicular rale 肺泡罗音 | vesiculobronchial respiration 肺泡支气管呼吸音
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pulmonary alveoli：肺泡
4.肺泡 肺泡(pulmonary alveoli)是支气管树的终末部分,是构成肺的主要结构. 肺泡为半球形小囊,开口于呼吸性细支气管、肺泡管或肺泡囊,是肺进行气体交换的场所. 肺泡壁很薄,表面覆以单层肺泡上皮,有基膜. 相邻肺泡紧密相贴,仅隔以薄层结缔组织,
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alveoli pulmonum：肺泡
\\"肺泡换气\\",\\"alveolar ventilation\\" | \\"肺泡\\",\\"alveoli pulmonum\\" | \\"齿槽,腺泡,肺泡\\",\\"alveolus,alveoli\\"
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pulmonary alveolitis：肺泡炎
pulmonary alveolar proteinosis 肺泡蛋白沉积症 | pulmonary alveolitis 肺泡炎 | pulmonary alveolus 肺泡
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extrinsic allergic alveolitis：外源性过敏性肺泡炎
外源性过敏性肺泡炎(extrinsic allergic alveolitis)是反复吸入某些具有抗原性的有机粉尘所引起的过敏性肺泡炎,常同时累及终末细支气管. 吕弗勒综合征亦被称作过敏性肺炎,易于混淆,应予注意. 后者亦可反复发作,但不出现肉芽肿,也不会发展为肺间质纤维化. 外源性过敏性肺泡炎是由反复吸入...
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alveolar bronchiolar carcinoma,lung：小支气管肺泡癌
\\"肺泡气\\",\\"alveolar air\\" | \\"小支气管肺泡癌\\",\\"alveolar bronchiolar carcinoma,lung\\" | \\"肺泡管\\",\\"alveolar duct\\"
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bronchovesicular breath sound：支气管肺泡呼吸音
3.支气管肺泡呼吸音(bronchovesicular breath sound) 又称混淆呼吸音,兼具有支气管呼吸音和肺泡呼吸音的独特之处. 吸气音和肺泡呼吸音相仿,但调子较高且较清脆. 呼气音和支气管呼吸音相仿,但强度较弱,调子较低,时间较短. 正常人在胸骨两侧第l、2肋间,