语法

With respect to syntax, the roles of tagmeme in the structure of word and sentence and Chomsky's Generative-Transformational Grammar are discussed. The spatial relation theory and existing research achievements are investigated. Having noticed the shortage of the capability of topological and metrical relation in the description of spatial information structure, the author proposes Combinational Qualitative Geometry based on the two invariables under ordinary transformations, distance ratio and direction difference, the CQG-based spatial relation system between topological and metrical constraint is thus constructed, on which several spatial relations such as parallel, perpendicularity, co-linearity, sequence and direct neighborhood are derived. Based on extended theory of spatial relation, the language anamorphosis is analyzed from the aspects of phonetics, semantics and syntax. The mere geometric and formalized spatial relation is then integrated with concrete geographic ontology to accommodate richer and indicative spatial configuration of spatial information in the different geographic context. Finally a syntax framework for spatial information is put forward.

在语法结构方面，首先阐述了法位和法素在语法结构词法和句法中的地位和作用，以及Chomsky生成转换语法的核心内容；详细介绍了地理信息系统空间关系理论及现有的研究成果；在分析现有的拓扑关系和量度关系对空间信息结构描述能力不足的基础上，提出了基于长度比和角度差两个不变量的组合定性几何，以此建立了介于拓扑及量度约束之间的组合定性关系体系，并以此为基础派生出平行、垂直、共线、次序、直接邻近等空间关系描述；本文基于扩展的空间关系理论，详细讨论了空间关系在语音、语法和语义三个方面的语言变体，将纯几何和纯形式化的空间关系与具体的地理本体结合起来，可以获得更为丰富的、更能反映空间关系在不同语言上下文中具体体现的组合关系；最后给出了一个空间信息的语法结构的基本框架。

Not detailed in Figure 1 are the parts of the compiler that are not verified yet: upstream, a parser, type-checker and simplifier that generates Clight abstract syntax from C source files and is based on the CIL library21; downstream, a printer for PPC abstract syntax trees in concrete assembly syntax, followed by generation of executable binary using the system's assembler and linker.

图1中没有详细标出的是该编译器中未验证的部分：前面的部分是基于CIL库[21]的语法解析器、类型检查器和语法树化简器，完成从C源代码文件到Clight抽象语法树的生成工作。后面的部分，则是由PPC抽象语法树到具体汇编语法的输出，随后的可执行二进制文件生成部分则采用系统自带的汇编器和链接器。

The relevant theories were information theory, categorical grammar, transformational-generative grammar, dependency grammar, and stratificational grammar in the 1950s and 1960s; artificial intelligence, non-linguistic knowledge bases, formalisms such as lexical-functional grammar, generalized phrase structure grammar, head-driven phrase structure grammar, definite clause grammar, priciples and parameters, Montague semantics in the 1970s and 1980s, neural networks, connectionism, parallel processing , and statistical methods and others in the 1990s.

与之相关的理论有：20世纪50年代和60年代的信息理论，范畴语法，转换生成语法，从属语法，和层次语法；70年代和80年代的人工智能，非语言知识基础，诸如词汇功能语法，广义短语结构语法，中心词驱动短语结构语法，有定从句语法，原则和参数，70年代和80年代的蒙太古语法等这些形式主义；90年代的神经系统网络，连接注意，平行处理，和统计学方法以及其他理论。

Explicitness of Arabic Grammar and implicitness of Chinese Grammar; and b.

阿拉伯语和汉语的语法特征概括如下：阿语语法是显性语法，汉语语法是隐性语法；阿语语法是刚性语法，汉语语法是柔性语法。

The paper probed into the grammaticalized process of the prefix A- and some related problems on typology and gained several breakthroughs such as putting forward a new conception of "historical levels" on grammaticaliztion and the "unidirectionality", discussing some generant universals on the language's origin and change, recognizing the roles of the unique small contexts acted on the grammaticalization and the broadening process of grammatical rules, realizing the necessity of combination of researches on historical grammar and on Chinese etymology.

论文进而在更高的层次上对阿缀的语法化和相关类型学问题进行理论提炼与总结，取得了若干突破，如提出语法化研究中的历时层次与非单向性问题、语言起源发展的发生学共性问题，认识到独特小语境在语法化和语法规则泛化中的作用、语法史研究与汉语词源学研究结合的必要性等。

Its features are that description of single grammatical points exceeds comparative studies; researches on special issues are more numerable than grammatical system; static research exceeds dynamic research; and investigation and description is more than theoretical studies.

未来方言语法研究应加强方言语法的调查工作，开展立体化的方言语法研究，加快方言语法比较研究的步伐，提高理论研究的深度，建立方言语法研究的方法论体系。

After analyzing the current conditions of English grammar teaching and comparing the methods of grammar translation with communicative approach, this paper sets forth the applications of communicative approach in grammar teaching to improve the grammar of college English learners.

交际法在语法教学中的运用，革除了枯燥无味讲语法的旧习。本文针对语法教学的现状，通过传统的语法-翻译法与交际法的对比，论述交际法的理论体系，提出运用模拟情境、角色扮演、小组讨论等交际教学法进行语法教学，以提高大学生对英语语法的掌握。

NO·1层: No girl 主 have to marry 谓 a man 宾 whose continue title have the alike initial as ITs ,定语语法 for, as the rhyme goes,"Change 状语语法 the title but not the letter, marry for worse instead of preferable."

要点 这是个主从复合句。for是连接词，引导状语语法。as the rhyme goes是插入语，插在for和它引导的语法之间，造成for和它引导的语法的分离，中文英语互译时，可译成唯一主谓框架。译文妞妞不该嫁给与本人的姓的首字母相同的人，因该正如一首童谣所说：改姓不改首字母，婚后必将受其苦。

NO·1层: No girl 主 have to marry 谓 a man 宾 whose continue title have the alike initial as ITs ,定语语法 for, as the rhyme goes,"Change 状语语法 the title but not the letter, marry for worse instead of preferable."

要点 这是个主从复合句。for是连接词，引导状语语法。as the rhyme goes是插入语，插在for和它引导的语法之间，造成for和它引导的语法的分离，中英对译时，可译成唯一主谓框架。译文妞妞不该嫁给与本人的姓的首字母相同的人，因该正如一首童谣所说：改姓不改首字母，婚后必将受其苦。

What we should insist on in today's grammatical research and foreign language teaching has been illustrated in this article by analyzing the process and development of the early prescriptive grammar, explanatory grammar, transformational?

通过对早期规定语法、描写语法、转换-生成语法和系统功能语法的历史演变与发展过程的分析和阐述，以说明在现代语法研究和我国英语教学中应把语法运用放在首位，培养学生在交际活动和与自然语言接触中运用语法规则的能力

I use an example quoted by Hu Jiaqi:"It is reported that America separates the DNA of a kind of virus by making use of genetic technology and combines it with another kind of DNA. Finally, they get a kind of virulent biological agent called a "pyrotoxin". Someone discloses in private that 20 grams of such a kind of biological agent could result in the global death of 6 billion people due to infection."

我在这里例举胡家奇所引用过的例子："据报道，美国利用转基因技术，将一种病毒的DNA分离出来，与另外一种DNA进行结合，拼结成一种剧毒的"热毒素"生物战剂，且私下有人透露，这种生物战剂只需20克，就可以导致全球60亿人全部感染死亡。"

Waiting, for the queers and the coons and the Reds and the Jews.

等待着疯子和黑人还有红色共产主义者还有犹太人