观测得到的

The basic principle is based on spherical astronomy and elementary geometry of the trajectory mapping method based on the observation of a celestial body zenith distance, then the ship is located in order to sing the next point as the center of this satellite zenith distance of the ship's position as the radius of the circle, observing the same two objects, or objects at different times of the two observations, we can get two ship's position round, then the ship must have been a point of intersection of two ship's position on the circle.

其基本原理是建立在球面天文学和初等几何中的轨迹作图法基础上的，观测一个天体的天顶距，则航船就位于以星下点为圆心，此星天顶距为半径的船位圆上，观测两个天体或者不同时间同一天体的两个观测值，就可以得到两个船位圆，则航船一定在两个船位圆的一个交点上。

Nowadays, the Eddy Covariance system and the Large Aperture Scintillometer are the main instruments measuring surface fluxes. The former is point observation and can observe hundreds of meters and the latter can observe area average fluxes in the scale of hundreds of meters to ten kilometers.

目前应用较为广泛的通量测量技术有涡动相关仪和大孔径闪烁仪，前者是单点观测，观测范围通常只有几百米；后者近年来得到长足的发展，可以观测从几百米到十几公里尺度上的区域湍流通量。

The method does not depend on strict local parameters and precise instruments, while the observational principle is relatively simple. An experimental observation was carried out with a simple telescope with large field of view at Xinglong station of NAOC at the end of 2007. The atmospheric refraction from the zenith distance of 44.8 degree to 87.5 degree is gotten by the differential method, which proves the feasibility of the method tentatively.

该方法不依赖于严格的地方参数和复杂精密的观测仪器，并且观测原理相对简单。2007年底，利用一台简易的大视场望远镜在兴隆观测站进行了试验观测，根据较差方法实测得到真天顶距44.8°至87.5°的大气折射值，初步证明了大气折射较差测量方法的可行性。

The positioning result of phase and broadcast ephemerides are gained using time-satellite differential model after canceling SA, the precision for 24 hours phase observation data is about 1.1 metre,the precision for 2 hours phase observation data is about 1.3 metre,the precision for 1 hour phase observation data is about 1.6 metre ,the precision for 20 minutes phase observation data is about 2.7 metre.

采用时星差模型得到取消SA后相位和广播星历的定位结果：用24小时的相位观测数据定位精度在1.1米水平；用2小时的观测数据定位精度在1.3米水平；用1小时的观测数据定位精度在1.6米水平；用20分钟的观测数据定位精度在2.7米水平。

This paper discusses some application cases of the error propagation law by the examples of trigonometrical survey, and presents that not only sum function and numeral multipling function in which there is only one independent observed value but also more complex functions which are equal in mathematics are not opposite in the process of error propagation according to the error propagation law.

1引言本文以三角测量为例，对误差传播定律一些应用问题进行了讨论，指出当只有一个独立的观测值时，和函数与倍数函数运用误差传播定律不会出现悖论；如果在测量工作中有多余的直接观测值，就需用平差后的间接观测值按协方差传播律来计算，这样数学中相等的函数关系才能得到同样的函

To find a right method for systematizing a great number of lightning data , this paper analyzes 40 893 lightning data obtained on two lines in one year.

为解决目前大量的雷电观测数据没有在防雷工作中得到很好的利用，需寻找合适方法对其进行全面整理的问题，利用已在诸多行业包括电力行业中得到应用的数据挖掘技术分析处理了某地区两条线路上一年观测所获得的40893条雷电数据。

The major content of this thesis are as follows:1 Performed FEM analysis before strengthening, and to find out the reason for the cracking and present a strengthening scheme;2 Performed nonlinear FEM analysis before and after strengthening, and to get the varying rule of the relative displacement between the on-site cast concrete side wall and that between the precast concrete arch and the floor, as well as the stress distribution of the gallery;3 Performed on-site observation experiments on the 7~th gallery, and to get the varying rule of the relative displacement between the on-site cast concrete side wall, as well as that between the precast concrete arch and the floor.4 The results of the computation were compared with those of experiments, which verified the effect of the strengthening.

本文的主要工作有： 1 对加固之前的廊道结构进行有限元计算，找出廊道底板开裂的原因，提出加固方案； 2 对加固前后廊道结构进行非线性有限元计算，得到加固前后廊道两现浇边墙相对位移、拱顶与底板相对位移随水库水位变化的规律和廊道结构的应力分布情况； 3 进行廊道加固前后现场观测试验，得到廊道两现浇边墙相对位移以及拱顶与底板相对位移随水库水位变化的规律； 4 对比分析加固前后现场观测试验与非线性有限元计算所得结果，论证加固方案的合理性，验证加固效果。

Using the relative reflection as weighting factor, the weighted mean of the surface albedo over Dunhuang Gobi in typical arid region is calculated and its values are 0.255 ± 0.021. After canceling the interference of the buildings, the mean values of the roughness length averaged with logarithm is 0.0019 ± 0.00071 m. After removing the influence of the oasis, the soil wetness factor computed with data under condition of no precipitation is 0.0045. After removing the influence of the precipitation .the mean values of the soil heat capacity over Dunhuang Gobi in typical ac-id region is 112 × 10 ~6 m~(-3)K~(-1), a bit smaller than the values observed i n HEIFE. But the soil heat diffusivity and conductivity are about one of those observed in HEIFE. The soil water content over Dunhuang Gobi in typical synoptic condition is very little and does not exceed 1% basically.

并且利用相对反射为权重加权平均，计算得到典型干旱区敦煌荒漠戈壁的平均反射率为0.255±0.021；剔除建筑物干扰后，利用对数平均法计算的粗糙度长度平均值为0，0019±0.00071 m；剔除绿洲影响后，用无降水影响的资料确定出土壤湿度影响因子为0.0045；剔除降水影响后，用观测资料计算的敦煌典型干旱区荒漠戈壁的热容量平均值为1.12×10~6m~（－3）K~（－1），比&黑河试验&在戈壁和在其它沙漠观测的有关值略小一些，但热扩散率和热传导率都比&黑河试验&在戈壁观测的值小一倍左右；观测的敦煌戈壁典型天气条件下的土壤含水量非常小，基本上不超过1％。

Since there are some disadvantages, such as magnitudes, reference systems and difficulties in observing an asteroid during its motion in its whole orbit, etc., when the asteroid is observed simply by means of the meridian or photograph methods, a new method for observing asteroids with a lower latitude meridian circle and a CCD measuring device is proposed according to the conditions of the geographic latitude of the Yunnan Observatory which can be used to observe the whole orbit of an asteroid.

考虑到单纯用子午方法或照相方法对小行星进行观测存在着因星等、定标星系统，以及难于在小行星运行全轨道上进行观测等方面的不利因素，在本文中，根据云南天文台能观测小行星全轨道的地理纬度条件，提出利用低纬子午环与CCD测量装置相配合，并利用低纬子午环直接提供的定标星，在一个统一的基本仪器系统中，通过对小行星在全轨道上均匀分布的观测，获得高精度的小行星观测资料，以便得到更准确的星表零点改正。

We used different methods to calculate luminosity in order to assure its reliability. Structure function method is adopted to derive the radiatively corrected cross section whose accuracy is up to 1%. The corrections from vacuum polarization and effect of energy spread are also studied. The final analytical approximation formulaes of the observed cross sections are worked out. Different fitting methods are carried out to fit the resonances according to different requests.

模拟的分布图的仔细对比，并兼顾实验的要求，得到每种事例对应的选择条件，特别是在处理积分亮度时，更是采用了不同的方法，以保证亮度计算的可靠性；采用结构函数的方法推导出截面的辐射修正公式，精确度达到了1％的水平，研究了真空极化给拟合公式带来的修正，并考虑了束流能散的影响，计算出最终的观测截面的解析近似式；对于三个共振态的拟合，针对不同的要求，采用了不同的拟合方法；同时在M.C。

I'm strongly against the death penalty — it's an eye for an eye.

我不赞成死刑——这是以牙还牙的报复行为。

And to get you the support you need, we're enlisting all elements of our national power: our diplomacy and development, our economic might and our moral suasion, so that you and the rest of our military do not bear the burden of our security alone.

并给你们所须的支援，我们正徵召国家所有各种的力量：我们的外交及发展，我们的经济力量与道德劝说，所以你们与其他军人不须要孤独地负起国家安全的责任。