观测得到的

Meanwhile the nonhydrostatic and high-resolution character and physical processes contained in the cloud model can be made use of. In this way some of the difficulties met in the fully description can be overcome. So we can investigate the effect of surface friction on the frontogenesis in the boundary layer in high-resolution nonhydrostatic model. The structure of the front obtained through this approach is consistent with the observation.

在高分辨率情况下研究了地面摩擦对边界层内锋生的作用，从而得出比较精细的、与实际观测相一致的类似重力流的边界层内锋面结构特征，说明了地面摩擦对锋生和锋面结构的重要影响，这是以往数值模拟还没有得到的结果。

The main results of the investigation are as following:(1) Some important criteria for the design of multi-layer structure are acquired: the ratio of the layer thickness to the contact diameter should be controlled to a value about 0.8; increasing the number of the gradient layers and elasticity modulus of the top layer would benefit to the yield strength and the stress status at the interface.（2）By means of molecular dynamics simulations for a indentation and sliding process, it is discovered that dislocations of 45 direction to the surface occur in the surfaces layer, which is correspond to the direction of the plastic flows observed in the macroscopic continuous medium. The irreversible deformation caused by the dislocation and the atom piles at the surface are responsible for the irreversibility of the force response. They are also the main factors for the friction generation. The temperature and the indentation velocity have significant effects on the deformation behaviors of the material of the surface layer. The yield strength would increase obviously if the indentation velocity is greater than 10 m/s.（3）A method to evaluate the fracture toughness of coating by estimating the crack-density functionβof a Wicker''s indentation was proposed. Meanwhile a new surface treatment technology was developed using non-equilibrium plasma.（4）A MD-FE hybrid method and corresponding software was developed to analysis the tribological behaviors for multiplayer system.

研究主要内容和结果有：（1）得到指导梯度膜设计的几个准则：控制膜层厚度与接触半径比在0.8左右为宜；适当增加梯度层层数和顶层弹性模量，有利于提高抗屈服能力和改善界面处的应力状态；（2）通过对嵌入和滑动摩擦过程的分子动力学模拟，发现表层产生一个与宏观连续介质的塑性流动方向观测一致的45 方向位错；位错造成的不可逆变形和表面的原子堆积，是力的响应不可逆性的原因，也是构成摩擦力的主要因素；温度和嵌入速度对材料变形特性有显著的影响，当嵌入速度大于10 m/s时，屈服强度明显增加；（3）提出压痕裂纹密度系数β半定量判定膜层断裂韧性的方法；并开发出表面强化新工艺；（4）开发出分析表面摩擦学特性的MD-FE复合模拟方法和相应模拟软件。

However, the multi-time values before the initial time are required in solving the ordinary differential equation with linear multi-step method, the values at these time levels are still computed from the given initial value by one of above mentioned schemes.

在常微分方程的线性多步法中用到初始时次前若干时次的数值，但这些时次上的起动值仍然由初值运用方程计算得到的。这就是说，人们在预报问题中始终恪守只用一个初值的原则。在天气预报中，数值积分只用到一个起报场，即最后一个时次的观测场。

The model expanded the existing models simulating stomatal responses to environmental water status by incorporating the knowledge about the mechanisms of the action of radiation and temperature, and the interaction between them In this model, moreover, a representation of stomatal conductance as a function of stomatal geometry is used, where the water potential gradient within the leaf has been taken into account.

在不同环境因子的组合下模拟得到的结果与公认的实验观测基本一致。它可以作为研究气孔整体行为的理论框架，也可用于检验气孔运动的基本假设。第四章对Ball和Berry提出的气孔经验模型进行了分析和模拟检验。

Through the tests on gas driving water and water driving gas, the flow law of gas and water was real-time observed. Mainly based on the test of water driving gas as an example, the development of molding coal sample and NMR triaxial osmoscope was demonstrated. The experiment process of water driving gas and parameters were demonstrated. NMRI images of molding sample in horizontal cross-section along the driving direction were obtained by NMRI instrument. The results from images were analyzed and compared. Some novel laws were obtained as the following:(1) the leading edge of water driving has inconsistency. This certified the important previous conclusion that the storage of methane mainly was absorbed in inner surface of pore from NMRI technique;(2) the existence of dominant driving pathway was tested and the way kept almost fixed. The pathway is apt to exist in the edge of coal samples where pore and fracture fully develop;(3) the variation of water flow determines the transport velocity of leading edge of water driving and it has lag effect;(4) the effectiveness of the first driving is better than the second driving;and (5) the subsequence of water driving gas are from trunk fractures to branch fractures, then to branch pores.

主要以水驱气NMRI试验为例，详细介绍了核磁共振三轴渗透仪和型煤试件的研制，并重点阐述了水驱气试验过程和相关参数，利用NMRI技术实时观测得到了不同时间沿驱替方向型煤试件水平剖面的NMRI成像图，最后对试验结果进行了比较分析，揭示了一些新的规律认识：(1)水驱替前缘具有不一致性，从NMRI试验角度验证了前人甲烷类气体赋存形式主要以吸附在孔隙内表面为主的重要结论；(2)煤试件存在优势驱替路径，且这种优势路径在驱替过程中基本保持不变，水驱气的优势驱替路径易产生在煤试件边缘，即煤孔隙裂隙发育区；(3)水驱流量变化决定了水驱前缘的运移速度，且对水驱气效果具有滞后效应；(4)水驱气初次驱替效果好于二次驱替效果；(5)水驱替气的顺序为：主要大裂隙—周边裂隙—周边孔隙。

By use of Overcomplete Representation method of the data, we get a completely new kind of BSS algorithm---Overcomplete BSS algorithm. The biggest advantage of this new algorithm is that it can still do blind separating works when there are more sources than mixtures!

利用数据的超完全表示方法，我们得到了一种全新的盲信源分离算法，其最大的特点就是当源信号的个数大于观测到的混合信号的个数的时候，该算法仍然能够完成盲分离工作，从而将盲信源分离技术的实用性大大提高了。

Your arsenal needs be updated with new weapons ... if you study the history ... you will find ample information on the way I trade ...You may look up Jack Dreyfus in 1950s and 60s ... how he manged his flagship mutual funds which outperformed 90% of the peers ...btw, I called you once a "semi-sucker", do you get it now why I did call you that way? Have you looked at the price of CROX once you said it had reached your valuation?Disclaimer, sucker or semi-sucker is used only in wall street to indicate those people who are either novice traders or those who are half bottle full of stock markets ...

看了一帮PhD们的严肃讨论，虽然我文化水平很低，一句话都没有吃透，但还是隐隐约约感觉到经典trading theory的研究到了革命的边缘，过去的逻辑体系有了裂缝，其完备性和自洽性出现了问题，旧的体系中根据一部分观测结果得到的结论有逻辑上的冲突，新的trading哲学体系还没有完全建立起来，越来越多的大波迷雾，咕噜悖论，李玟公设被提出来了，轰隆隆的雷声响起来了，预示着旧的trading大厦将倾，新的地基开始破土。

The shape of star formation rate density versus the redshift in the closed box is quite similar to the Madau plot drawn from the UV luminosity in the observation of high redshift.

我们在星系化学演化的研究中发现：变化的IMF形式对星系化学演化结果有明显的影响；星系化学演化总趋势是随时间演化气体含量逐渐减少，金属含量逐渐增加；在我们所取的简单星系模型内部恒星生成率密度随红移的演化关系能够在一定程度上体现高红移观测中所得到的Madau图的特性。

Although it was only off by 2.2 micrometres, this badly blurred the telescope's vision and made the scientists who had promised the world new images and science in exchange for $1.5 billion of public money the butt of jokes.

格瑞尼在2008年说伽利略观测到的星图其实是叫做艾利斑的衍射图像，艾利斑是指一束光通过一个小孔时得到的同心圆图像，就像一束星光通过一个小孔时呈现的图像。

Chapter 5 gave the results of optical positions of 45 radio sources using 1m telescope of Yunnan Astronomical Observatory, Schmidt telescope and 60cm telescope of Beijing Observatory, the comparison with the results of other authors is also given.

第五章给出我们利用云南天文台l米望远镜、北京天文台施密特望远镜以及60厘米望远镜配备的CCD观测45颗河外射电源的结果，给出它们在不同参考星表中得到的光学位置，并与其他作者的结果进行了比较。

I'm strongly against the death penalty — it's an eye for an eye.

我不赞成死刑——这是以牙还牙的报复行为。

And to get you the support you need, we're enlisting all elements of our national power: our diplomacy and development, our economic might and our moral suasion, so that you and the rest of our military do not bear the burden of our security alone.

并给你们所须的支援，我们正徵召国家所有各种的力量：我们的外交及发展，我们的经济力量与道德劝说，所以你们与其他军人不须要孤独地负起国家安全的责任。