观测函数

It was observated that the movement of oil drop impacted by air molecule in Millikan experiment. Displacement distribution and measurement error functions accord with gaussian distribution by studying of histogram.

用密立根实验装置，观测油滴在空气分子撞击下运动，通过直方图研究说明位移分布函数φ符合正态分布，测量误差分布也服从正态分布。

It describes the heteroskedasticity character of interest rate by projecting the sample data onto the EGARCH (1, 1) auxiliary model, makes making the covariance matrix as moment conditions and uses EMM to estimate the parameters. EMM avoids the disadvantage of infeasible or computationally intensive of maximum likelihood functions.

通过将观测数据映射成EGARCH(1， 1)辅助模型描述利率行为的异方差特征，以协方差矩阵为矩条件，用有效矩估计方法得出模型参数，避免了最大似然估计法似然函数不可知或难以求积分的缺陷。

Considering the average critical gap of pedestrians walking through the vehicle flow and analyzing on large scale of data, it can reach the practical conclusion that the acceptable gap follows the normal distribution function N（4.86,1.72）. In order to make further analysis of the pedestrian delay,capacity and the conflicts with the vehicles,the average critical gaps are evaluated by three different ways.

通过研究行人穿越机动车流的平均临界间隙，对所观测的行人穿越间隙数据进行归纳分析，得出可接受穿越间隙的正态分布函数N（4.86，1.72），并通过三种不同的方法逐一计算出平均临界间隙，可为今后的行人延误时间、通行能力以及与车辆之间的冲突分析研究提供解决方案。

In order to achieve accurate solutions of ill-conditioned GPS equations with a few observational epochs, the ill-conditioned normal equations of GPS rapid positioning was transformed as a function optimization problem. Then genetic algorithm was used to calculate parameter solutions, which avoided the inversion of coefficient matrix of normal equations.

为准确解算仅有少数几个历元的GPS载波相位观测数据的病态定位方程，将GPS快速定位的病态法方程求解问题转化为一个函数优化问题，应用遗传算法求解病态方程，避免了法方程的求逆运算，从而可以得到参数的近似最优解。

To assess the frequency of wind speeds at a particular location, a probability distribution function is often fit to the observed data.

评估的频率，风速在特定的位置，一个概率分布函数往往是适合的观测数据。

This dissertation involves the study of the growth dynamics of colloidal particles under unequilibrium and irreversibility condition. Firstly, it is of interest to investigate whether the ideal diffusion or reaction-limited aggregation universal behavior can be observed for the initially polydisperse practical system of basic yttrium carbonate as well. The fractal structure of basic yttrium carbonate aggregate cluster was observed using transmission eletron microscopy. The aggregation kinetics of basic yttrium carbonate colloids was studed using dynamic 1ight-scattering techniques. At 1.00mol/l NaCl solution the fast diffusion-limited aggregation behavior was observed with an increase in the aggregate size over time described by a power law. The aggregates are characterized by a fractal dimension D=1.82. The disordered and ramified cluster is consisted of primary colloidal particles and tenuous and more open. These are in good agreement with those observed for other colloidal system such as colloidal gold (1.86), silica (1.85) and polystyrene latex (1.82) in diffusion-limited aggregation from the static and dynamic light scattering by Lin. Therefore ideal diffusion-limited aggregation behavior can be observed in practical polydisperse system as well. Smoluchwski and fractal theories were used to obtain the aggregation rate constant for initially polydisperse system for the first time.

本论文研究胶粒的非平衡不可逆聚集动态学，分为两个部分，第一部分是通过实验研究一个新的初始多分散的碱式碳酸钇胶粒实际体系中，聚集标度性质的普适性，即使用透射电子显微技术观测聚集粒子簇的分形结构，使用动态激光光散射研究碱式碳酸钇胶粒的聚集动力学，胶粒带电而产生静电排斥作用使得碱式碳酸钇胶粒处于稳定状态，当加入电解质NaCl溶液时，碱式碳酸钇胶粒间的Debye-Hückel屏蔽距离缩短，从而降低静电排斥能垒，引起胶粒发生不可逆聚集，加入电解质NaCl的浓度为1.00mol/l时，碱式碳酸钇胶粒进行快速聚集，经历扩散控制聚集机理，形成结构疏松、更为开放的分形聚集粒子簇，其分形维数为1.82，碱式碳酸钇胶粒聚集增长动力学遵循幂函数增长规律，与Lin等使用静态激光光散射和动态激光光散射测量硅胶(1.85)、金胶(1.86)和聚苯乙烯胶乳(1.82)在扩散控制聚集状态形成聚集粒子簇的分形维数值以及粒子簇聚集增长的动力学规律相一致，表明胶粒聚集标度性质的普适性质在初始多分散的实际体系中也是存在的，首次由动态激光光散射的实验数据得到初始多分散胶粒分形粒子簇的聚集速率常数，并且其值与Smoluchowski聚集速率理论预期相符。

It is a new tool to detect and observe the structure and status of underground media by accurately measuring its transfer function through sinusoidal elastic wave accurately controlled in frequency and stable in phase.

它是使用一种精密控制频率和相位稳定的弹性波，对发射和接收两点间的传递函数进行精密测定从而监视和观测地下构造和状态的一种新型手段。

Thereinto, for the spectral decomposition estimate of the covariance matrix ,we can gain the risk functions under some losses.

其中，对于观测向量协方差阵的谱分解估计，我们很容易得到它在一些损失下的风险函数。

In this text we used the method of volume integral equation base on tensor Green's function to study the forward of 4D transient electromagnetic response.

本文采用基于张量格林函数的体积分方程法进行四维模型瞬变电磁响应的正演研究，文章中首先说明了四维瞬变电磁法模拟的可行性及程序实现，然后分别设计了两个三维异常体模型，采用两种观测方式(激发与接收平行、激发与接收垂直)进行正演模拟计算，并对所得的二次总场的数据进行了分析。

The switching law is assumed to be unobservable Markov process.

对于切换律是可观测的情形，利用线性矩阵不等式和共同2次Lyapunov函数的方法，给出具有参数不确定的切换系统2次镇定的充分条件。

Do not gum up the work by telling mother what we are going to do .

别告诉母亲我们要干的事，那会把事情搞糟的。

In recent years, application of the partial prestressed concrete beam s is developed.

近年来，随着部分预应力砼梁应用的推广，发现我国规范所采用的名义拉应力法的计算结果不稳定。