能流

Experimental study on hydraulic characteristics of underflow for energy dissipator with step-down floor

现对跌坎式底流消能工消力池内水流流态的演变进行了初步分析，随着入池能量的变化，消力池中会产生混合流、淹没混合流、淹没底流以及远驱底流流态。

With Gongboxia Hydropower Station on the Yellow River taken as an example,some related problems were discussed,including the key points on the shape optimization of horizontal and vertical rotary internal energy dissipator,t.

以黄河公伯峡水电站为例，论述了竖井旋流式与水平旋流式内消能工在体型优化中的重点与方向问题；泄流能力的协调与匹配问题；通气孔的设计、消能率的构成、空化空蚀、衬砌标准与范围、下游水深的影响等问题。

Compared with batch mode, intermittent fed-batch mode improved riboflavin production slightly, the constant rate and glucose-limited fed-batch modes can make a significant increase in both dry cell mass and riboflavin production.

同间歇培养相比，分批流加培养能微弱提高重组菌的核黄素产量，而恒速流加和葡萄糖限制流加均能显著提高菌体量和核黄素产量。

Through experiments, a material—clay slurry containing CMC has been found with the room temperature rheological property similar to that of the metalic alloys in solid-liquid state.

本文在自行研制的高熔点合金固液态流变性能测试装置上测定了ZQSn16—5合金和ZG45两种材料固液态流变性能，建立了这些合金流变性能模型和本构方程。。。

The macroscopic rheological parameters and microstructure parameters were closely related, it is helpful to explain the essence of multiple rheological properties through the analysis of which the wax evolution process and microstructure of the crude oil which is waxy and high viscosity; the yield time of gelled waxy crude oil monotone increases along with the decreasing of rate of shear (the time of stress effect prolonged), there was power function relationship between them, it can be expressed with ; when adding diesel oil to Sudan crude oil, dilute proportion bigger the eccentricity degree of paraffin particles were bigger too, that was to say the symmetry of wax crystal was better, the wax crystal form fabric more hardly when the intermolecular interaction was smaller; in the light of macroscopica, the fall extent of the abnormity temperature, solidifying point and viscosity could be larger along with the accretion of dilute proportion, as a result, it's rheological properties could be improved.

SD原油析蜡点为94℃，析蜡高峰为50～30℃，异常点为40℃；其蜡晶颗粒细小、对称性差，所以具有较大的比表面能，容易形成联生、联锁结构；损耗角曲线与储能模量曲线或损耗模量曲线的交点所对应的温度与原油凝点或倾点温度非常接近，大约在39℃左右；也就是说，含蜡原油粘弹特性曲线的交点可以表征其流动性；原油宏观流变参数与微观结构参数密切相关，原油析蜡过程及蜡晶微观结构分析有助于诠释易凝高粘原油多重流变特性的本质；胶凝含蜡原油的屈服时间随剪切速率的降低而单调增加，二者显然存在幂函数关系，可用关系式描述；当SD原油加柴油稀释处理时，稀释比越高，蜡晶颗粒的偏心度也越大，亦即蜡晶对称性越好，分子间作用力越小，蜡晶颗粒越不易形成结构，宏观表现为异常点、凝点及表观粘度等流变参数下降的幅度越大，流动性越好。

This paper presents the principle and structure of a capillary narrow rheometer whichcan measure the rheology of any fluid automaticlly and continuously. The rheometer is con-trolled automatically by a microcomputer which can acquisite and process data obtained.

介绍一种能自动连续测量的毛细管狭缝流变仪的原理和结构，该流变仪具有微机自控和数据采集处理系统，适用于牛顿液体和石油钻井泥浆等非牛顿流体流变性能的在线和离线测量。

The results of this study indicate that changing the angle of the intake port has a profound effect on the flow field during the intake stroke of the engine cycle. For the case with the intake-exhaust valves canted at zero degree (the so-called vertical valves), the tumble ratio, swirl ratio, turbulent intensity, and turbulent kinetic energy in the direction perpendicular to the bisecting plane of the cylinder are at their highest levels than those obtained for the other cases. This effect is most pronounced after the compression stroke of the cycle. As a result of this study, it is observed that the behavior of the overall flow field from the intake to the completion of compression stroke has a major impact on the effectiveness of the mixing of fuel-air prior to the ignition of the engine cycle.

结果显示，改变进排气阀的倾斜角度对进气期间的流场变化有很明显的影响，其中以垂直阀(进排气阀倾斜0度)所得的 Y轴向(Y方向系垂直於将汽缸对分为二平面的方向)滚流强度、涡漩比、紊流强度、紊流动能等流场强度为最强；若以流体经活塞压缩后的流场特性进行探讨，所得结果显示压缩冲程对汽缸内流场的效应是不容忽视的；因此由进气到压缩过程结束的整体流场现象，才是影响引擎点火前的油气混合程度与燃烧品质的关键。

The Streaming Media and its application in Modern Distance Multimedia Instruction has turned into a prominent topic.With these questions, this dissertation tries to find the advantages of the streaming media by comparing with "The Third Era Media". It is more capable in constructing a profuse learning environment, facilitating the interaction among the content-, students and teachers, developing an inquiry or collaborative learning.

本课题即带着这些问题，从现代远程多媒体教学的实际情况以及流媒体技术的应用现状出发，将流媒体与&第三代媒体&在软硬参数方面进行了比较研究，发现流媒体在现代远程多媒体教学中比&第三代媒体&更能创设丰富的学习情境，增强学习者与学习内容的交互，方便师生、生生之间的协作与情感交流，更有助于学生进行探究式、协同式学习，更能激发学生的学习兴趣，更有助于学生进行意义建构。

The major works are as follows: 1 The 3-D numerical model of U-sharp flow passages is set up. The single-phase fluid flow and heat transfer are simulated for the U-sharp smooth and rib-roughened flow passages with FLUENT software. Their performance curves, temperature field and velocity vector are obtained and the local heat transfer and flow pressure-drop distribution along flow passage are analyzed. It is revealed that the ribbed flow passages can enhance heat-transfer and make the temperature more uniform, but it increases the pressure-drop to more extent. 2 The influences of diaphragm depth, channel width and board spacing on the performance are investigated.

建立了层叠式蒸发器U形流道的3维湍流模型，用FLUENT软件对尺寸相同的U形光滑流道和肋化流道中单相流体的传热和流动进行了数值模拟，得到了两种流道的传热和阻力性能关系曲线及速度矢量图、温度场，分析了光滑流道和肋化流道的局部换热系数及沿程压降变化，结果表明流道的肋化能有效的增强传热，而且使流体的流动和传热更加均匀，但也较大地增大了阻力。

The activation energy for deformation in W18Cr4V high speed steel, 40CrMnNiMo tool steel for plastic molding and AISI H13 hot-work tool steel are investigated intensively. The investigation shows that the activation energy for deformation of both 40CrMnNiMo tool steel for plastic molding and AISI H13 hot-work tool steel decrease with the increasing of temperature.

分别将这两种钢的变形激活能数学模型用于蠕变模型，并采用这一改进后的蠕变模型对W18Cr4V高速钢和40CrMnNiMo塑模钢的热变形流变应力进行预测，结果表明，此模型不仅能精确描述蠕变条件下工模钢的流变应力变化规律，也能精确描述工模钢非蠕变条件下的流变应力。

Do not gum up the work by telling mother what we are going to do .

别告诉母亲我们要干的事，那会把事情搞糟的。

In recent years, application of the partial prestressed concrete beam s is developed.

近年来，随着部分预应力砼梁应用的推广，发现我国规范所采用的名义拉应力法的计算结果不稳定。