流行病学

SUMMARY: Management of mycetoma and laboratory diagnosis of its etiological agents need to be improed and better implemented in endemic regions. Optimized therapeutic approaches and more detailed epidemiological data are urgently needed.

概要：在流行病学区域需要加强与实施对足菌病的治疗和病原实验室诊断研究，迫切需要能研究出来最佳治疗方案和更为详实的流行病学资料。

She gains abundant experience on control, surveillance and epidemiologic researches of cholera and typhoid fever ect, since she has been involved in containing approximate 30 major emergency events including typhoid and paratyphoid fever, shigellosis, infectious diarrhea and nosocomial infection.

曾主持或参加近30起较大伤寒副伤寒、细菌性痢疾、感染性腹泻和医院内感染等传染病疫情和突发事件的处理工作，在霍乱、伤寒副伤寒等细菌性疾病的预防控制、流行病学监测及科研方面有较丰富的经验；作为主要人员参加七项科研课题包括国际合作项目《儿童细菌性脑膜炎流行病学监测研究》等的研究。

A genetic epidemiologic case-control study including 407 pedigrees(249 cabes and 158 controls)was car-ried out to estimate the segregation ratio and the hereditability(h￣2)of esophageal cancer by using the methodof Li-Mantel-Gart and Falconer,respectively,and to compare the genetic epidemiologic features from theother cancers.

本文通过遗传流行病学病例对照研究，对淮安407个家系（249个先证病例，158个对照），应用Li－Mantel－Gart和Falconer方法分别进行了分离比、遗传度估算及比较流行病学研究。

The number of rabies infections increase these years,because there is no universal investigation in China, so it is unsure about the epidemicsituation of rabies in China. It is essential to study the molecular epidemiology ofstreet rabies virus isolated from the nature in order to prevent rabies infection andunderstand different inquilinous bodies of virus in different areas.

中国自2000年以来狂犬病的流行呈逐年上升的趋势，由于中国尚未开展大面积普遍的狂犬病流行病学调查，所以对中国境内狂犬病的流行情况还不明确，为了有效防制狂犬病，非常有必要对自然界分离的狂犬病街毒进行分子流行病学研究，以了解不同地域不同宿主病毒的流行特点。

this paper discussed several untestable assumptions which were often used in epidemiologi-cal observational studies,and some paradoxical results that may arise under different assumptions were showed.simpson's paradox and lord's paradox were introduced.assumption of treatment assignment in causal inference of epidemiological studies,assumption of control group in evaluation of exposure ef-fects,and assumption of missing data mechanisms in incomplete data analysis were also discussed.

本文主要讨论流行病学观察性研究中几种常用的假定，介绍simpson's悖论和lord's悖论，逆回归问题，以及在不同假定下可能出现的相互矛盾的结果。探讨流行病学研究的因果推断中处理分配机制的假定，暴露作用评价中对照组的模型假定，以及不完全数据分析中缺失数据机制的假定。

Anticipated results of this core laboratory are to:(1) facilitate genetic epidemiological studies within the campus by means of active avocations, workshop, and collaboration;(2) help identify important genetic variants as well as contextual variables that influence the risk of metabolic syndrome in a community sample of large sample size;(3) help the gene mapping for schizophrenia by means of family-based association as well as schizophrenia-related endophenotype in non-clinical samples;(4) help train more students and research assistants who can deal with genetic epidemiology via hands-on experience; and (5) help researchers accomplish their genetic epidemiological investigation of the diseases they are interested in.

本核心实验室之预期结果为：(1)藉由主动推广、工作坊、研讨会等方式促进遗传流行病学研究；(2)对於社区样本中常见之代谢症候群，可协助找出相关的基因变异以及脉络因素；(3)藉由家族关联研究可协助对於精神分裂症基因定位分析，并探讨其内表型在非临床样本中的特性；(4)协助学生、助理亲手处理遗传流行学学分析的训练；(5)协助研究人员完成他们对於感兴趣疾病的遗传流行病学研究。

A team comprising experts from WHO, partners in the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network,(CDC Atlanta, Epiet, France and the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh) and the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Bangladesh is assisting the Ministry with epidemiological investigations.

由来自WHO、全球爆发警戒协作网的合作伙伴（亚特兰大CDC、法国Epiet和孟加拉国际腹泻病研究中心）以及孟加拉流行病学研究与控制研究所的专家组成的小组正在协同当地卫生部门开展流行病学调查。

4By epidemiology survey, collect data on four examination; take single syndrome as the study unit; build the initial syndrome-symptom relationship model through expert questionnaire; verify and modify the syndrome-symptom relationship model, and then develop the final syndrome-symptom relationship model through latent variable analysis; determine the diagnostic critical value by quasi ROC curve.

4进行流行病学调查，收集抑郁症病人的四诊资料；以单证为研究单元；通过专家问卷建立证-症对应关系初始模型；用隐变量分析对临床流行病学调查资料进行统计分析，验证并修正初始模型，确定证-症对应关系最终模型；用类ROC曲线法确定单证的诊断临界值：建立抑郁症中医单证诊断标准。

Thus, despite epidemiological associations between dysglycaemia and macrovascular disease,5 the supposition must be that, until hypoglycaemic interventions show reductions in incidence, such associations might not represent cause and consequence.

因此，尽管流行病学分析显示了血糖代谢障碍和大血管病变之间的联系，但是这一推想必须建立在降血糖可以减少大血管事件发生率的基础上，因为这种流行病学相关并不代表因果关系。

Thus, despite epidemiological associations between dysglycaemia and macroascular disease,5 the supposition must be that, until hypoglycaemic interentions show reductions in incidence, such associations might not represent cause and consequence.

因此，尽管流行病学分析显示了血糖代谢障碍和大血管病变之间的联系，但是这一推想必须建立在降血糖可以减少大血管事件发生率的基础上，因为这种流行病学相关并不代表因果关系。

I think he's learned how to approach hitters....

Johhny Damon说，『他已是最好的了，再没有人能够比他做的更好，我想他的球技已经完全成熟了，而且他也已经学会了如何去对付和压迫各种打击者。。。。。。

In effect, an 18 foot King Cobra could actually look down onto the average human being.

际上，一个18尺眼镜蛇王其实可以俯视到的平均人。