名词

Nouns can be divided into common noun(for example "汽车"、"计算机"、"老师"、"字典"and so on), proper noun( for example"中国"、"毛泽东"、"《子夜》"and so on), collective noun(for example"人口"、"车辆"、"河流"and so on), and abstract noun(for example"思想"、"意识"、"能力"and so on).

名词可以分为普通名词（如"汽车"、"计算机"、"老师"、"字典"等）、专有名词（如"中国"、"毛泽东"、"《子夜》"等）、集体名词（如"人口"、"车辆"、"河流"等）和抽象名词（如"思想"、"意识"、"能力"等）。

Current researches show little attention to this structure and thus this paper is devoted to an overall understanding of this structure. The content of this thesis focuses on the following three aspects:First, when restricting the potential semantic range of noun phrases with its own proposition, the modifying clauses in English and Chinese share the same semantic features. That is to say, the modified noun phrase and the predicate of the clause depend on each other for existence. This semantic restrictiveness is obligatory for the clause and the noun phrase it modifies in both languages. Second, though sharing the same potential conceptual meaning, the combination of a clause and its modified noun phrase shows different syntactic position in surface structure as well as the inner structure of the clause. Based on a full description of syntactic characteristics of this kind of clause, the present thesis points out the differences and similarities existing in surface structure between English and Chinese. Finally, under the guidance of Chomskys Minimalist Program(1995), the thesis analyses the derivational processes of this structure in both languages.

现有的对比研究对于该结构的探讨，不论是在描述和解释上都是不完备的，为了深化这一句法结构的认识，本文从如下几个方面对英汉分句作定语修饰名词的现象进行了对比：首先，分句用自身的命题限制中心名词的语义范围时，在两种语言中具有相同的语义特征，即中心名词与分句内部的谓词之间存在依存关系，分句修饰名词必然受到语义的限制，是英汉两种语言必须共同遵守的准则；其次，英汉两种语言中表达相同概念意义的这一句法单位与其修饰的名词结合后，在表层结构中体现出不同的位置关系，且分句内部的句法结构也各有特点，本文在充分对其句法特征描述的基础上，指出二者在表层形式上的差异和共性；最后，尝试在乔姆斯基的最简方案(1995)框架内，演示英汉两种语言。

Get into the car, get on the bus, jump onto the platform, out of (6)介词和名词动词等有不少固定搭配和习惯用法: to one's surprise / joy, in charge of , instead of, in bed, in trouble, in a hurry, in surprise, with a smile, with one voice, according to, at once, on time, in time, in all, at home,, at last, at least, in the end, by the way, for example, at the same time, at the same speed, on one's way, in the sun, on the football team, in line, with the help of, in red / green … put on, look for, look after, run after, send for, enter for, pay for, show…around, listen to, arrive in / at, get to, agree with, succeed in, think of, wait for,….

7表示加减乘除，分别用介词 plus， minus， times 和动词过去分词 divided + by 二，复习时需要注意的要点(1)介词一般放在名词之前，但它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词，疑问副词或者关系代词时，这些词提到了前面而只剩下介词在后了。(2)介词和动词，形容词，名词等常常构成固定搭配，也就是说，在这些词的后面常常要求用一定的介词。这一点在学习时要特别注意。

On the basis of Halliday's theory on Grammatical Metaphor and Nominalization, and the four forms of verbal nouns, including actions nouns, verbal nouns, gerunds and infinitives, the structures and the ideational functions of nominalizations in EST genre are summarized by searching the EST corpus and analyzing the modifiers of nominal groups. Corpus is used as the research method for this study, including 120 foreign articles searched from foreign countries'scientific and technological magazines on the Internet, such as Computer, Computer Digital Techniques, Chemistry of Natural Compounds and Journal of Energy Engineering, etc.

基于Halliday的语法隐喻及名词化概念，以及动词名词化的表现形式，如动作名词、动词性名词、动名词和不定式四种形式，再通过对科技文体的语料库进行检索，分析动词名词化前后修饰语，总结科技英语文体中动词名词化结构，最后根据其结构，分析动词名词化在科技英语语篇中有何概念功能。

Firstly, we analyze animate noun from three semantic features of control; secondly, we compare the power of person, organization and location in order to check out their animacy; thirdly, using VP-internal Subject Hypothesis in Transformational and Generative Grammar, we investigate Chinese, Kachin and Hani of Tibeto-Burman languages and give out the animacy hierarchy of semantic roles; fourthly, we discuss the animacy of personal pronoun, referential pronoun, proper noun, general noun and abstract noun; fifthly, topic and subjectivity pay attention to the variation of animacy of noun in the paragraph from pragmatic and cognitive points of view respectively; sixthly, we compare the numerical representation of noun in Chinese and Tibetan and other Tibeto-Burman languages. The conclusion is drawn on the relationship between number and animacy; lastly, the influence of popularity on animacy is pointed out. The fifth part includes conclusion and questions leaving behind.

第一，自控度从、、三个语义特征考察名词的生命度；第二，权力度主要通过比较指人名词与机构名词、处所词的权力度大小来检验其生命度的高低；第三，题元角色是运用转换生成语法关于动词短语内部主语的假设，考察汉语和藏缅语族的景颇语和哈尼语，对题元角色的生命度等级序列进行排序；第四，定指度和指称、专有及抽象性主要是考察人称代词、指示代词、专有名词、普通名词和抽象名词的生命度高低；第五，话题和主观性分别从语用和认知两个角度考察名词生命度在语篇中的变化情况；第六，数范畴涉及汉语和藏缅语族的藏语、独龙语、羌语、普米语、景颇语和哈尼语，主要比较它们名词表数概念的差异，总结数范畴与生命度的关系；最后，列举了通俗度对汉语名词生命度的影响。

Apart f rom the much2discussed nominalization of processes and properties , clauses , circumstantial element s and relators are subject to nominalization. Different types of nominalization are characterized with their own internal st ructures.

除了备受关注的过程和特征的名词化之外，小句的名词化、环境成分的名词化、连词的名词化都属于不同类型的名词化形式，其内部语法结构都有各自的特点。

A walking stick ＝a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping

二、动名词的逻辑主语带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。

A walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measu ring sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping.

二 ， 动名词的逻辑主语带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语，宾语，表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句。

A walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measu ring sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping

编辑本段二，动名词的逻辑主语带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。

In Mencius, ZuoZhuan, HanFeiZi, noun had absolute superiority comparing with the adjective in group count and the number of every group. In LunHeng and LiuDuJiJing, the group count between noun and adjective became lower, and the number of every group, adjective was more than noun.

在《孟子》、《左传》、《韩非子》中，不论是同义词的组数还是个数，名词对形容词都有绝对的优势，但是到了《史记》，名词的这一优势发生了变化，虽然在组数上名词仍超过形容词，但是形容词对名词的个数之比已经超过了它们之间的组数之比，也就是说，从每组同义词的个数来说，形容词已超过了名词。

It is also known as one of the most poisonous naturally occurring substances.

它也被称为一个最自然发生的有毒物质。

The greatest stress is found at the location on the cross section where V is the largest.

最大应力出现在横截面上V为最大的地方。