原因论

The analysis includes three aspects:(1) The difficulty and reason of ultimate analysis's atomic hypothesis;(2) The difficulty and reason of analytic proposition's picture theory;(3) The difficulty between the proposition of Tractatus Logico-philosophicus itself and the anti-metaphysics proposition.

主要从三个方面来分析：(1)分析终极的原子性假设的困难及原因；(2)分析命题意义的图像论的困难及原因：(3)《逻辑哲学论》本身的命题与拒斥形而上学命题之间的困难。

In this articl, the background, the thoretical source and the basic content of Cuvis catastrophism are discussed, It is shown that it is not a subjective fabrication by Cuvier, but rather it is inherited from reforming former catastrophic ideas, on the basis of his long-term scientific practic, Therefore it helped to push forward the dvelopment of gology and biology.

本文论述了居维叶灾变论的产生背景，理论来源及其基本内容，证明它并不是居维叶的主观臆造，而是他在长期科学实践基础上对前人灾变思想的继承和改造。因此它对地质学和生物学的发展曾起到巨大推动作用。本文还论述了居维叶灾变论与其它灾变学说的区别；并列举大量现代科学发现证明居维叶所谓的灾变是不可否认的事实，是自然界中具有确定原因的必然发生的历史事件。

Under the Middle Ages scholar's influence,German scholars began to adopt systematic method and explained causa according to the sprit of that time.

到了德国法上，受中世纪学者的影响其开始以体系化的方法和符合时代精神的态度重新解释罗马法上的契约原因理论，形成了奥托·贝尔的无因债权理论和温德莎伊德的原因论。

For the inconsistency and paradox between the traditional accounting result of the contribution ratio of export to economic growth and the positive conclusion of the contribution made by export to economic growth, this paper considers that the main reason for this paradox is that, when the contribution ratio to GDP of consumption, investment and export is measured by traditional method, the different effects of import in the gross accounting of GDP and the decomposing calculation of contribution ratio is confounded, then, the principle of matching decomposition of import item in consumption, investment and export is disobeyed, so the real contribution of export to China's economic growth is greatly underestimated.

针对出口对经济增长贡献率的传统测算结果与出口对经济增长实证结论之间的矛盾和悖论，本文认为造成这一悖论的主要原因是传统测算方法在考量消费、投资和出口对GDP的贡献时混淆了进口在GDP总量核算和贡献率分解核算中的不同作用，违背了贡献率核算中的进口项在消费、投资和出口中的匹配分解原则，从而大大低估了出口对中国经济增长的真实贡献。

Barth stressed that the Christian communities are messengers of God which are sent into the world by God. This point Barth stressed explained how his ecclesiology had so many different dimensions which included a mission ecclesiology, universal ecclesiology etc. The reason why his ecclesiology is so comprehensive and important is because he built it from a pneumatological basis and foundation, so that it obtained an outstanding result.

巴特强调基督徒社群是使者，是受差遣的群体，这说明了他的教会论拥有多元的面向，涉及了宣教的教会论、普世的教会论等，而这根本上的原因即是从他圣灵论的教会论出发所得的结果。

In practice, another approach, Model of Legitimization through Open-Reflex Process,...

而在实践中，另外一种可以称为开放反思的合法化模式的进路，以其多向原因论、经验的实质规范主义和复合理性主义之方法论倾向，在相当程度上发挥着重要功能。

In practice, another approach, Model of Legitimization throughOpen-Reflex Process, has been, to a large extent, exerting importantfunctions.

这种模式在方法论上有单一原因论、理想的形式规范主义和绝对的建构理性主义之倾向，它在解决当下中国行政组织无序的诸多问题方面力有未逮。

Specially, the author hopes to find whether the financial system development promotes the provincial per capita, the accumulation of provincial savings, the formation of provincial capital, the advancing of productivity, the bettering of industrial structure and the shaping of firms. Finally, according to the result of the empirical study, the author brings forward the Contradiction of Chinese Financial System Development during transition period. To explain the Contradiction, the author puts forward a hypothesis: time consistency and institution coupling of the optimal system arrangements. Within the hypothesis framework, the author analyses and explains the contradiction's essential, and seeks the reason of Chinese financial system development's path formation during transition period. After judging the efficiency of Chinese financial system development prudentially, the author gives his advices on how to drive Chinese financial system to the"Growth-Enhancing Financial System Development"path. The dissertation is divided into five chapters. It consists of as follows: Part I includes foreword and Chapter One"the review of financial development theory and literature". In foreword, the author expounds the fundamental definition and basic theory. In Chapter One, the author first analyses the"finance-growth"nexus in theory, and which constitutes the foundation of the concrete mechanism of finance affecting growth.

首先对金融发展与经济增长的关系在理论上进行了梳理，指出金融发展能够促进经济增长，金融是现代经济增长的"第一推动力"；其次将这种理论关系分解，借助当前本领域的最新研究方法和工具从宏观和微观层面验证转轨时期中国各地区金融发展与经济增长传导机制的效果，即金融体系的发展是否有效地促进了各地区人均产值的增加、储蓄的积累、资本的形成、生产力的提高、产业结构的调整以及企业的成长；最后在实证检验的基础上提出"中国金融发展悖论"，并在"最优制度安排的动态一致性与制度耦合"假说的框架内来分析中国金融发展悖论的真实内涵以及中国金融发展路径形成的原因，审慎评价转轨时期中国金融体系的发展效率，初步探讨了中国金融体系走向"推动经济增长"金融发展道路，指出实现金融对现代经济的"第一推动力"作用所应努力的方向。

Compared with the former one, it has methodological orientation ofmultiple-cause theory, experiential substantive normalism and complexrationalism.

而在实践中，另外一种可以称为&开放反思的合法化模式&的进路，以其多向原因论、经验的实质规范主义和复合理性主义之方法论倾向，在相当程度上发挥着重要功能。

But for some reasons, Mahan's theory on maritime hegemonies was not applied to navy construction. With the developing domestic revolutionary situation, people became so interested in political reforms instead of theory on maritime hegemonies that they even forgot the importation of Alfred Thayer Mahan's theory on Maritime hegemonies.

但是由于四个方面的原因，晚清政府并没有将海权论用于指导海军建设，国内高涨的革命形势令国人应接不暇，人们对海权论的热情很快就被政治改革的热情所替代，以至于后来，人们连海权论传入中国这一事实本身也被遗忘。

I use an example quoted by Hu Jiaqi:"It is reported that America separates the DNA of a kind of virus by making use of genetic technology and combines it with another kind of DNA. Finally, they get a kind of virulent biological agent called a "pyrotoxin". Someone discloses in private that 20 grams of such a kind of biological agent could result in the global death of 6 billion people due to infection."

我在这里例举胡家奇所引用过的例子："据报道，美国利用转基因技术，将一种病毒的DNA分离出来，与另外一种DNA进行结合，拼结成一种剧毒的"热毒素"生物战剂，且私下有人透露，这种生物战剂只需20克，就可以导致全球60亿人全部感染死亡。"

Waiting, for the queers and the coons and the Reds and the Jews.

等待着疯子和黑人还有红色共产主义者还有犹太人