估计的

Limit theorems, asymptotic methods, asymptotic efficiency and efficiency bounds for estimation, maximum likelihood estimation, Bayes methods, asymptotics via derivatives of functionals, sample-based estimates of variability:; robustness; estimation for dependent data, nonparametric

高级统计推断理论：极限理论，渐进方法，渐进有效和估计的效率，加大似然估计，贝叶斯方法，泛函数的微商渐进性，基于样本的估计：（bootstrap 和 jackknife方法）；稳健性；独立数据的估计，非参数估计和经验。

Four new relative efficiencies of the best linear unbiased estimator to the covariance improvement estimator for the unknown parameter vector are given, and three new relative efficiencies of the least square estimator to the covariance improvement estimator for the unknow parameter vector are given.

本文考虑相依模型，对其未知参数向量给出了其最佳线性无偏估计相对于协方差改进估计的四种相对效率，同时，还给出了最小二乘估计相对于协方差改进估计的三种相对效率，在不同条件下，分别给出了相对效率的上界与下界。

In this paper, we study characterizations of admissible in the general linear model Y, Xβ,ε|ε～(0,σ~2∑. We demonstrate that an admissible linear estimator is as the conditional generalized ridge-type estimation in the no constraint, equality constraint, inequality constraint general linear model. We study the superiority of this conditional generalized ridge-type estimation, and prove that it is superior to the restricted best linear unbiased estimator in terms of mean squares. We also give the choice of the matrix K.

本文主要研究了一般线性模型Y，Xβ，ε|ε～(0，σ~2∑中参数估计的可容许性特征，得到了一般线性模型在无约束，有等式约束及有不等式约束下，可容许线性估计均具有条件广义岭估计的形式的结论，并且讨论了这一条件广义岭估计的优良性，证明了其在均方误差和均方误差矩阵意义下都优于约束最小二乘估计，给出了参数矩阵K的选取方法。

Though the almost unbiased estimator was still a biased estimator, it has smaller bias than corresponding biased estimator.In this paper, we first study the properties of the almost unbiased generalized ridge estimator and the almost unbiased generalized Liu estimator.

但有偏估计毕竟偏离参数的真值，因此学者们又提出了几乎无偏估计的概念，虽然几乎无偏估计仍然是有偏估计，但是它比相应的有偏估计有更小的偏度。

In the algorithm, the conditional linear state equation is first inserted into the measurement equation, which fuses the linear state process noise and the original measurement noise, whereafter the GHF is used to estimate the nonlinear states. Then the estimated means of the nonlinear states are inserted into the linear state equation and the original measurement equation to estimate the linear states by the KF. Moreover, in order to improve the accuracy of the estimates, the estimated variances of the nonlinear states are fed back to modify the estimations of the linear states using the KF.

算法将模型中的条件线性状态方程代入观测方程，并融合线性状态的过程噪声和观测噪声，由GHF获得非线性状态的估计；再将非线性状态的估计均值代入线性状态方程与观测方程，由KF获得线性状态的估计；获得的非线性状态估计方差还用于修正由KF估计的线性状态，以提高精度。

This article estimates the extreme loss distribution with extreme value theory, estimates the shape parameter with HKKP estimator, which is unbiased to small sample data, selects the right threshold by selecting smallest mean square error of the estimated cumulative distribution function and empirical cumulative distribution function and based on the extreme value theory method, this article estimates the extreme loss distribution and the p-percentile operational loss under certain believe range for Chinese commercial banks, then calculates the operational risk supervise capital.

本文利用极值理论对中国商业银行操作损失极端值分布进行估计，针对尾参数估计的来用传统Hill佑计对小样本数据容易产生偏倚的情况，提出了采用Hill佑计的改进―小样本无偏估计的HKKP佑计来估计操作损失的尾参数，针对由于阈值确定不准确导致结果偏差大的情况，采用最小化估计的累计概率分布与经验累计概率分布平均平方误差的方法确定较精确的阈值，估计出给定置信水平下操作风险损失的分位数，从而使得中国商业银行操作风险监管资本的测定成为可能。

We make the following assumption for When 2 is positive definite matrix, different estimators about matrix of regression coefficients and inefficiency of Least squares estimate have been discussed in many documents. Considered 2 is nonnegative definite matrix, this thesis derives Best linear unbiased Estimate of parameter matrix B and estimable parameter function KBL under the meaning of matrix nonnegative definite and the property of maximum probability of BLUE is investigated.

当∑＞0时，众多文献讨论了回归系数阵的各种估计及LSE的有效性，本文考虑了当∑≥0的情形，给出了回归系数阵B及其可估参数函数KBL的在矩阵非负定意义下的最优估计，研究了它的一个最大概率性质，并且讨论了最小二乘估计成为最佳线性无偏估计的充分必要条件，在此基础上给出了均值矩阵的最小二乘估计与BLUE的偏差估计，定义了LSE相对于BLUE的一个相对效率，并给出了它的界。

The main results are as follows:We review the existing Monte Carlo control variates estimators of the price of Asian options and propose a new one. According to pratical needs, we define efficiency as the inverse of the product of the variance of an estimator and its computational time and make it a standard for comparisons to draw the following conclusions: Firstly, the more control variates correlate with arithmetic average Asian options, the larger is the efficiency of an estimator with these control variates, but among which the geometric average option plays the most important role; Secondly, an estimator with more control variates is better than one with less ones only when the time to maturity is long and the volatility is high.

在综合已有研究工作的基础上，本论文的主要创新成果如下：（1）我们回顾了已有的亚洲期权价格的蒙特卡罗控制变量估计，并提出了一个新的控制变量估计，且从客观实际出发，将估计值的方差和计算时间的乘积的倒数定义为效率并以它为标准比较各估计，得到以下结论：与算术平均亚洲期权相关程度越大的控制变量构成的估计的效率越大，而其中起主要作用的控制变量为几何平均亚洲期权的价格；只有在到期时间较长且标的资产的波动率较大时，元素多的多元控制变量估计比元素少的效率大。

These conditions do not relate to the unknown parameters but the dimension of model, so it is easy to apply in practice. Next, we consider the relative efficiency of LSE against the beast linear unbiased estimator.

我们给出了Pitman准则下，最小二乘估计优于Within估计的一个充分条件，最后又得到了广义均方误差意义下两步估计一致的优于Between估计和Within估计的充分条件，并且这些条件只是和模型维数有关而和未知参数无关的一些不等式关系，因此便于实际应用。

Combined GIS with MATLAB, the automatic extraction of RS and geography information of sample plots was realized.5. Introduced the resist-PCA estimation method to build the estimation formula on crown density, stock volume and diameter breast height, good forecast accuracy was achieved and the deficiency of traditional LMS parameter estimation was made up.6. The estimation process software of the model was developed, including data pretreatment, weight function selection, LMS estimation, PCS estimation, resist-PCA estimation, accuracy assessment and other function models, in order to c

摘要4、结合Gls和MATLAB技术实现对样地遥感信息和地理环境信息的自动提取。5、引入抗差主成分估计方法建立郁闭度、蓄积量、胸径的估测方程，取得了良好的估测精度，弥补了传统最小二乘参数估计的不足。6、开发了模型估测处理软件，包括数据预处理、权函数选择，LS估计，主成分估计、抗差主成分估计、精度评价等模块，实现数据处理、模型研建与精度评价的自动化、一体化。

I think he's learned how to approach hitters....

Johhny Damon说，『他已是最好的了，再没有人能够比他做的更好，我想他的球技已经完全成熟了，而且他也已经学会了如何去对付和压迫各种打击者。。。。。。

In effect, an 18 foot King Cobra could actually look down onto the average human being.

际上，一个18尺眼镜蛇王其实可以俯视到的平均人。