产生疼痛的

"The process we've identified takes place in the peripheral sensing neurons where the pain signal is generated," said Dr Gamper."Targeting the peripheral nervous system for drug development would create painkillers that would leave the central nervous system untouched, thus reducing the likelihood of side effects."

"我们已经确定的过程发生在周边感觉神经元，疼痛的信号就在此产生，甘珀博士说，"把药物的发展靶向周围神经系统，创造不损伤中枢神经系统的止痛药，用以减少副作用。

Special ice packs should be preferred (some drug-companies supply packs with two component materials, which freeze when their separating membrane is destroyed by twisting the pack, so that these materials come together) to reduce swelling, tumefaction and pain; but in contrary ice-sprays are mostly superfluous (their only effect is immediate, but not lasting pain relief).

如无法获得，则应考虑可用的医药冰袋（由少许麻醉止痛药物制成的急救包，分为隔离的两部分，使用时请先扭曲冰袋以破坏隔离膜，让两部分药物反应以产生冰块的效果）以减轻伤处的肿胀和疼痛，喷雾剂是不建议使用的，(它唯一的好处是见效快，但是不持久)，伤处应作缠压处理可使用绷带或其它带子）注意，应以伤口血管上方为包扎处。

We must change the concept of cancer pain management medical model:Anesthetists should have professional abilities、 capability of health care and prevention、 ability of group cooperation、ability of assessment of new technology ,eliminate fear of addiction on using opioids ;implement interdisciplinary comprehensive appeasement health protection;applyment new technology;adhere to biopsychology social medical model;carry out the policy of human care.

癌痛患者在全部疼痛人群中虽仅占约3%~5%，但癌性疼痛对患者个人及其家庭和亲朋好友，对社会甚至对环境所产生的影响和结果几乎比所有疼痛人群都严重。在晚期癌症中，约80%发生疼痛，其中50%有剧痛，30%剧痛难忍[2]。

However, the antinociceptive effect of the autoregulation may shadow the functional signal under nociception.

然而在疼痛刺激下，脑部产生之自主止痛的调节作用可能会对疼痛讯息产生干预。

Because diabetic neuropathy can be a painful condition that may be associated with nitric oxide, investigators tested a spray containing isosorbide dinitrate, a common NO donor used for heart patients, and found that it reduced overall neuropathic pain and burning with no effect on other symptoms.

由於糖尿病性神经病是一种可能与一氧化氮有关的疼痛疾病，因此研究人员检测一种含有isosorbide dinitrate的喷雾剂，此常见於心脏病患所需的NO产生，发现这种治疗可以缓解全身的神经性疼痛与灼烧感，但对其他症状却无效果。

Capsaicin excites nociceptive afferent nerves to produce warmth when initially applied, but with repeated application it desensitizes unmyelinated nerve fibers to produce hypalgesia without also causing patients to experience a reddening or blistering.

最初辣椒素刺激疼痛传入神经产生温暖，但通过它的反复刺激，使无髓神经纤维不敏感，从而产生痛觉迟钝，也没有造成患者能够体验到发红或者起泡。

Extraterritorial neuropathic pain correlates with multisegmental elevation of spinal dynorphin in nerve-injured rats. Pain 2000;86:185-194.[16]Knox RJ, Isaac L. Effects of selective and non-selective kappa-opioid receptor agonists on cutaneous C-fiber-evoked responses of rat dorsal horn neurons.

在慢性炎症及神经损伤或过敏等引起的伤害性感受中，大量的Dyn A生成，通过NMDA 受体直接或间接地产生一些炎性介质或细胞因子，从而加强神经病理性疼痛的形成，其作用机制有待于我们进一步去探讨。

The metabolic and endocrine sequelae of intrafacetal depot steroids have not been studied, but extrapolating from epidural steroid injections, one would expect suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis lasting up to 4 weeks depending on the depot steroid used, and impaired insulin sensitivity manifesting as elevated glucose levels for less than a week.251,252 Although rare, a host of infections have been reported after intraarticular injections including septic arthritis, epidural abscess, and meningitis.253–255 Case reports of spinal anesthesia and postdural puncture headache have also been published.256,257

小关节间隙类固醇滞留所产生的代谢和内分泌作用也未见研究，但是从硬膜外类固醇注射可以推知，依据使用量的不同，其抑制下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的时间可以持续4周。很多报道显示关节内注射后可以发生感染，但发生率较少，包括脓毒性关节炎，硬膜外脓肿及脑膜炎。也可见关于脊髓麻痹及穿刺后疼痛的报道。

Withstanding the pain of birth is presented in the United States as a personal c hallenge, a deeply satisfying experience in synch with New Age philosophy.

在美国，忍受分娩的疼痛被看作对自己的挑战，一个与&新时代&哲学相符的颇能产生满足感的经历。

Nerve and ligament tissues could be clearly observed from light and soft patch, and this might and prevent hurt by mistake, improve repairing operability, enhance correct putting of patch, and decrease incidence of pain.

超薄轻质补片更柔软、更透明、操作容易，透过网片能清楚地观察到网片后方的神经和韧带等组织，可预防误伤，提高了修补中的易操作性，并且便于网片的正确放置，减少了修补后疼痛的发生率，而且网片的结构更有利于成纤维组织的长入，能很好地适应患者修补后因体位变动和肌肉收缩而产生的纵向和横向移动，患者修补后的不适感也极大地降低等优点。

Further more, the simplified analysis method on stressed-skin effect of corrugated steel sheet is also discussed in detail.

此外还比较详细地探讨了蒙皮效应的简化分析方法。

If I had known her telephone number,I would have called her.

要是我知道她的电话号码，我就打电话给她了。