上颚

Comprehensive presurgical examinations, precise diagnosis, and the surgeon's experiences may have influence on the incidence of these risks. In this article, a case of displacement of dental implant into maxillary sinus was presented. We also discussed the possible occurrence reasons and the ways how to resolve and avoid it.

充分的术前检查、诊断与医师的经验及熟练度，往往会影响术后发生并发症的机会，本文将提出一个病例，发生人工牙根位移到右上颚窦内，经转诊到本院来处理，并搜寻相关文献探讨其可能的发生原因、解决方法、预防之道。

Either of two very large herbivorous mammals,Elephas maximus of south - central Asia or Loxodonta africana of Africa,having thick,almost hairless skin,a long,flexible,prehensile trunk,upper incisors forming long,curved tusk s of ivory,and,in the African species,large,fan - shaped ears.

象两种巨大的食草哺乳动物，中南亚的象属或者非洲的非洲象属中的一种，皮肤坚厚，无毛，长有一条长的柔韧的可以卷曲的鼻子，上颚二门齿发展为长而弯的象牙。非洲象属有巨大的扇形状的耳朵

Either of two very large herbivorous mammals,Elephas maximus of south - central Asia or Loxodonta africana of Africa,having thick,almost hairless skin,a long,flexible,prehensile trunk,upper incisors forming long,curved tusks of ivory,and,in the African species,large,fan - shaped ears.

象两种巨大的食草哺乳动物，中南亚的象属或者非洲的非洲象属中的一种，皮肤坚厚，无毛，长有一条长的柔韧的可以卷曲的鼻子，上颚二门齿发展为长而弯的象牙。非洲象属有巨大的扇形状的耳朵到中国译典经典版本中查找关于hairless的最新解释和例句。。。。

Elephant Either of two very large herbivorous mammals, Elephas maximus of south-central Asia or Loxodonta africana of Africa, having thick, almost hairless skin, a long, flexible, prehensile trunk, upper incisors forming long, curved tusks of ivory, and, in the African species, large, fan-shaped ears.

象：两种巨大的食草哺乳动物，中南亚的象属或者非洲的非洲象属中的一种，皮肤坚厚，无毛，长有一条长的柔韧的可以卷曲的鼻子，上颚二门齿发展为长而弯的象牙。非洲象属有巨大的扇形状的耳朵

Either of two very large herbivorous mammals, Elephas maximus of south-central Asia or Loxodonta africana of Africa, having thick, almost hairless skin, a long, flexible, prehensile trunk, upper incisors forming long, curved tusks of ivory, and, in the African species, large, fan-shaped ears.

象两种巨大的食草哺乳动物，中南亚的象属或者非洲的非洲象属中的一种，皮肤坚厚，无毛，长有一条长的柔韧的可以卷曲的鼻子，上颚二门齿发展为长而弯的象牙。非洲象属有巨大的扇形状的耳朵费边，q。

Physical examination disclosed anontender mass in the right maxillary mucobuccal fold and the magnetic resonance imaging revealed asolid mass occupied in the right maxillary sinus.Enucleation combined with peripheral ostectomy was performed.

就诊的两个月前患者口腔及鼻腔内开始有出血的情形，其理学检查发现右侧上颚颊前庭出现一无痛性肿胀，而磁振造影检查显示一实质性肿瘤充满于右侧上颚窦内。

The study sample was composed of 40 female patients with maxillary excess or bimaxillary protrusion. The mean age of patient was 25.9. All patients had undergone the modified Wunderer technique for anterior subapical osteotomy. The postoperative follow-ups were all over 6 months. We studied the relationship between movement of anterior maxillary segment and soft tissue changes over nose and lip areas by the statistics in the hard tissue displacement and soft tissue changes 3 and 6 months postoperatively.

本研究收集以改良式Wunderer's前上颚根尖下截骨术矫治双颚前突或上颚生长过度的病例共40位，皆为女性，平均年龄25.9岁，术后追踪半年以上；分别研究术前与立即术后，立即术后与术后三个月，以及术前与术后六个月的硬组织方位改变，鼻唇区域软组织的方位改变，以及硬组织与软组织间方位改变的对应关系。

The most important factor influencing implant survival in sinus augmentation, besides individual surgical technique, is the preexisting bone height between the sinus floor and alveolar crest. The key factor for success is to achieve primary stability. When the available bone height is less than 5mm or the thickness of the cortical bone is inadequate, two stage protocol (elevating the sinus floor to create sufficient bone height first, and then placing the implant at the second stage) is a safe, predictable treatment modality.

上颚窦植牙手术的成功与否，除个人手术技巧外，常取决於剩余齿槽骨之高度(residual bone height， RBH)，如何得到初期稳定度是一重要之关键，当可利用之齿槽骨高度小於5mm或皮质骨宽度不足以支撑植体获得理想初期稳定度时，分二阶段先提高上颚窦高度再植牙，不失为一理想，安全且可预期性高之植牙方法。

We present the case of an 11y/o girl with skeletal Class II but high mandibular plane angle, severe crowding, rotated upper first molars, and Class II dental malocclusion. Four first bicuspids extraction with a fixed appliance orthodontic treatment was undertaken.

最常被用来改正上颚大臼齿的去旋转装置就是跨颚弧线(transpalatal arch， TPA)，但是由於该装置作用范围较小对於不当旋转较大的上颚大臼齿将不易置入，且会产生过大之施力与力矩。

And it is no longer an absolute contraindication in this area today. However, there are still some potential risks while implantation in upper posterior alveolar ridge. One of them is the displacement of dental implant into maxillary sinus.

但是随著材料与手术方法的进步，目前上颚后牙区已不再是人工植牙的禁忌症；然而此部位的手术方式仍有许多潜在的风险，植体位移到上颚窦中便是其中的一种。

Do not gum up the work by telling mother what we are going to do .

别告诉母亲我们要干的事，那会把事情搞糟的。

In recent years, application of the partial prestressed concrete beam s is developed.

近年来，随着部分预应力砼梁应用的推广，发现我国规范所采用的名义拉应力法的计算结果不稳定。