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In this paper,a systematic direct perturbation method of dark solitons is found.Having analyzed the mistakes in earlier works on perturbation method for dark solitonsand essence of the direct perturbation method for bright solitons,we notice that to in-troduce the adjoint solutions of the squared Jost solutions and to prove the completenessare crucial to the problem.Giving up the unnecessary scheme of introducing the adjointoperator in the bright soliton case,we directly find the adjoint solutions by meetingthe demand for the orthogonality that inner product of the squared Jost solutions andits adjoint should be proportional to a δ function in the case of continuous spectra.The corresponding adjoint operator is thus found.Taking into account the reductiontransformation,we find a correct description for the completeness of the squared Jostsolutions and directly verify its validity with explicit expressions of the squared Jostsolutions.

本论文建立了系统的暗孤子直接微扰方法，在对前人关于暗孤子微扰方法的错误以及亮孤子直接微扰方法的本质作了充分的分析后，认识到引入平方Jost解的伴随解和证明完备性是问题的关键，撇开过去亮孤子情况首先引入伴随算子的非必要作法，直接从平方Jost解与其伴随解的内积在连续谱时正比于δ函数这一正交性要求出发，找出了伴随解，同时得出了应有的伴随算子，在考虑到约化变换性后，得到了暗孤子情况的平方Jost解的完备性的正确表述，并在单个暗孤子的情况利用平方Jost解的显式直接验证了它的正确性。

In this paper,the asymptotic property for two kinds of ecological systems and oscillation for solutions of a neutral differential equations is studied by employing differential inequalities and using eigenvalue analysis,iterative algorithm,induction and comparison theorem etc.Here, the system\'s asymptotic property includes the uniform persistence,the global attractability of the solutions,the asmptotic stability of the solutions and the oscillation of solutions.

本文利用微分不等式、特征根分析法、迭代法、归纳法及比较原理等方法和理论，研究了两类生态模型解的渐近性和一类脉冲中立型微分方程解的振动性，其中包括模型的一致持久生存性，正平衡态的全局吸引性、局部与全局渐近稳定性以及解的振动性。

Using algebraic methods which include extended Tanh-method,some new solitary solutions to the DBM and Log-DBM equation,such as singular solitary solutions,double singular peakon solitary wave solutions,double solitary wave solution with peakon and singular periodic solitary wave solutions are obtained..With the aid of an auxilitary function combined with the elliptic integral of the first kind,periodic solitary solution,singular and periodic singular solitary solutions can be obtained.

第三章利用扩展的Jacobi椭圆函数展开法研究了方程，并给出ZK-MEW方程的Jacobi椭圆函数解，特别的，当模数m→0和m→1时，其中一部分解退化为三角函数解和孤立波解；其次使用sn-cn拟设法，研究了K(k，s，1)方程，得到了k=s=3时的新的精确解，并在模数m→0和m→1时得到了丰富的三角函数和孤立波解。

However, the solutions of the Cauchy problem of the nonlinear hyperbolic system generally develop singularities in finite time even if the initial data are small and smooth.For this reason, solutions must be found in the space of discontinuous functions. Therefore, one can not directly use the classical analytic techniques that predominate in the theory of partial differential equations of other types. Instead, we construct approximate solutions via the singular perturbation methods. By using the compactness of the approximate solutions, we can obtain the existence of the solutions of original system.

然而一般而言，即使是在初值很小且光滑的情况下，非线性双曲型守恒律的Cauchy问题的解在有限时间内也会出现奇异性，为此，我们必须在不连续函数空间中寻找上述问题的解，因此对这类问题的研究，我们也不可能直接利用在其它类型的偏微分方程中占主导地位的解析方法来解决问题，而是通过奇异扰动法构造近似解，由近似解的紧性得到原问题解的存在性。

To seek new infinite sequence exact solutions to nonlinear evolution equationsNEE(s, the formula of nonlinear superposition of the solutions of the second kind of elliptic equation are given, infinite sequence exact solutions to combined KdV with varible coefficients and forcible term is constructed with the aid of symbolic computation system Mathematica, which include Jacobi-like elliptic function solutions, infinite sequence soliton-like solutions and infinite sequence triangular function solutions.

为了获得变系数非线性发展方程的无穷序列精确解，给出第二种椭圆方程解的非线性叠加公式，借助符号计算系统Mathematica构造了带强迫项变系数组合KdV方程的无穷序列精确解。这里包括无穷序列类Jacobi椭圆函数解、无穷序列类孤子解和无穷序列三角函数解。

In this paper, the conventional isopiestic technique have been modified and extended to multicomponent unsaturated mixed solvent solutions, each containing two or three volatile solvents and two unsaturated solutes, and multicomponent saturated aqueous solutions, each containing two unsaturated solutes and one or two saturated solutes. Isopiestic measurements have been conducted systematically for the first time for two mixed solvent electrolyte solutions, two quaternary saturated aqueous solutions and three quinary saturated aqueous solutions and the experimental results have been compared with the ideal-like solution model.

本文将传统的等压技术，经过改进后，进一步应用于含有两种或三种挥发性溶剂和两种非饱和溶质的多元混合溶剂溶液以及含有一种或两种饱和溶质和两种非饱和溶质的多元饱和水溶液，首次系统地测定了两例混合溶剂电解质溶液、两例四元饱和水溶液和三例五元饱和水溶液的等压平衡，并将实验结果与类理想溶液模型进行了比较。

We know that asymptotically linear operator equations have negative solutions and sign-changing solutions besides positive solutions, in this chapter, we obtain the existence of this three kind of solutions in Banach space, and we can know the concrete place of these solutions.

第三章的目的就在于借助于不动点指数理论利用一致正条件讨论非线性算子方程变号解的存在性，同时研究了变号解与一对正负解之间的关系，在一定条件下我们证明了：若算子方程x=Ax存在一个变号解，则它的正解和负解必定成对出现。

With the aid of the adjoint relationship of symplectic ortho-normalization and integral transformation, solutions of duality equations were obtained, or Saint-Venant solutions and local solutions, reducing the original problem to finding zero eigenvalue solutions and non-zero eigenvalue solutions.

利用辛正交归一关系和积分变换得到了对偶方程的解，即圣维南解和局部解，从而将原问题转化为寻找零本征值本征解和非零本征值本征解问题。

The main goal of the thesis is to study such some problems as theexistence of weak solutions of quasilinear elliptic equations involvingcritical Sobolev exponents on a bounded domain and〓,the unique-ness of weak solutions、regularity of weak solutions、stability ofweak solution on exponent p、continuity of very weak solutions ondomains、the fusion problem of weak solutions and the existenceof minimal positive solution of a class of quasilinear elliptic obstacleproblems,which have been extensively concerned,but have not beensolved satisfactorily in the latest several years.

本文主要对近年来人们普遍关注而又没有完全解决的几个问题——有界域及无界域上带临界增长的拟线性椭圆方程弱解的存在性，弱解、很弱解的唯一性、正则性，解关于区域的连续依赖性，解关于指数的稳定性，弱解、很弱解的合并问题，以及椭圆型偏微分方程对应的障碍问题极小正解的存在性等进行研究。

When different materials mixed,the mixture will have a mixed melting point of mixture ,and the mixed melting point of mixture is different from the intersoluble solutions.we separate the intersoluble solutions by different melting piont of intersoluble solutions when separate temperature is flexible temperatureThese intersoluble solutions different in melting point, the method would make the high melting point material became solid while the low melting point material still be liquid by adopting cryogenic treatment with stirring so as to meet the requirement of purifying these two solutions.

这种分离方法的特点是利用两种互溶性物质具有不同的熔点，通过低温处理，并同时加以搅拌，震荡，使高熔点物质和低熔点物质形成固液混合体，再对固液混合体进行离心分离得到高熔点的固体和低熔点的液体，从而达到浓缩、提纯两种物质目的。

The big eared hedgehog, the little owl, the sand gecko, the three-toed jerboa, and every show needs a villain - saw-scale - the viper!

大耳刺猬，小猫头鹰，沙壁虎，三趾跳鼠，每场戏都需要反派角色：蝰蛇。

Plasmodiophora brassicae ; resting spores ; density gradient centrifugation of sucrose ; ultrasonic disruption

根肿；休眠孢子；蔗糖密度梯度离心；超声波破碎