查询词典 probability function

One might attempt to claim that if an event has such a low probability that it does not occur in a very large sample, then actually estimating its probability to be zero will not be a major error.

当一个事件在大规模样本集合中没有出现，属于低概率事件，而实际计算结果为零，这是一个很主要的错误。

The simulation showed that without EMBr, the floating-up probability was nearly zero for the inclusions less than 50μm, and 6% for the inclusions larger than 200μm. With EMBr, the floating-up probability was 25% for the inclusions less than 50μm, and 38% for the inclusions larger than 200μm.

数值模拟表明，无电磁制动时，粒径在50μm以下的夹杂物颗粒其上浮概率几乎为零，200μm夹杂物颗粒上浮概率为6%；有电磁制动时，粒径在50μm以下的夹杂物颗粒的上浮概率为25%， 200μm夹杂物颗粒上浮概率为38%。

Numbers near the branches were bootstrap probability values coming from 1000 replications. Some bootstrap probability values were 92%(Coturnix chinensis/ Coturnix japonica), 100%(Tetraogallus altaicus/ Tetraogallus himalayensis), and 100%(Tetraogallus altaicus/ Tetraogallus himalayensis/ Tetraogallus tibetanus. The overall average distance was 0.112, and average genetic distance among Tetralgallus was 0.042. The genera Alectoris, Coturnix, Tetrao-gallus and Pucrasia formed a monophyletic group.

结果表明：日本鹌鹑和蓝胸鹌鹑的BP值为92%，阿尔泰雪鸡和喜玛拉雅雪鸡(T.himalayensis)的BP值为100%，(阿尔泰雪鸡、喜玛拉雅雪鸡)和藏雪鸡(T.tibetanus)的BP值为100%；石鸡属、鹌鹑属、雪鸡属和勺鸡属组成一个单系群；石鸡属和鹌鹑属的共同祖先与雪鸡属的祖先是姐妹群。

The content involves Digital Filter, Auto Correlation, Cross Correlation, mean and standard deviation, probability density and probability distribution statistic, as well as Auto Power Spectrum based on Fast Flourier Transfer, Correct Power Spectrum, Cestrum and Frequency Response. The Short-time Flourier Transfer and Wavelet Transfer are included in the analysis program.

具体内容包括：数字滤波、时域加窗、自相关计算与互相关处理、均值和方差计算、概率密度和概率分布统计，快速傅立叶变换基础上的自功率谱、互功率谱、频率响应函数、相关函数、倒频谱分析；基于短时傅立叶分析的联合时频分析、小波变换等。

According to a thorough comparison and analysis of several classical criticality indexes including Path Criticality Probability, Activity Criticality Probability, Activity 'Cruciality' Index, all these indexes have limitations and pitfalls to some degree. Therefore, Activity Compound Criticality Index is presented as a compound index of ACP and ACI, and on the basis of ACCI, Project Compound Criticality Index, a new index that reflects the criticality of a whole project or subproject is proposed.

首先，对几个经典关键性指标——线路关键概率(Path Criticality Probability， PCP)、工序关键概率(Activity Criticality Probability， ACP)和工序关键指标(Activity Cruciality Index， ACI)——进行比较研究；鉴于各自利弊，提出一个 ACP 与 ACI 的整合指标——工序复合关键指标(Activity Compound Criticality Index，ACCI)，并进一步提出了一个表征项目整体&关键&水平的新指标项目——复合关键指标(Project Compound Criticality Index， PCCI)。

We analyse the probability of success in deception by malicious groups of receivers, discuss the threshould schemes with limited the number of malicious receivers, give the calculation formule of probability of successful attacks in any transmitted information, and information - theoretic lower bounds,show the size of the secret key space for each participation under the securiey level, provide the construction about the authentication schemes.

第三部分提出了动态会议认证系统，利用动态会议系统的特点，引入验证密钥集，我们运用熵函数，交互信息量及概率分布等方法，对限制内部欺骗者个数的情况进行了分析，得出了欺骗者对系统实施各种攻击成功概率的计算公式及信息论下界，说明了系统在某一安全水平下，各用户应掌握的密钥量。

In order to increase the diversity of population, MFCMGA uses idiotypic immune network theory to improve the selection operator of SGA. Meanwhile in order to decrease the randomicity of SGA, the crossover probability, crossover position and mutation probability are adjusted dynamically by using fuzzy inference, which is based on analyzing the heuristic fuzzy relationship between algorithm performance and evolutionary parameters from the viewpoints of environment, population, individual and gene.

该算法利用免疫系统独特性网络学说，改进标准遗传算法选择运算子，提高了种群多样性；同时从环境、种群、个体和基因角度，全面分析算法寻优性能和各种进化参数的启发式模糊关系，采用模糊推理动态调整交叉率、交叉位置和变异率，减小了标准遗传操作的随机性。

In the bid to increase the diversity of population, MFCMGA uses idiotypic immune network theory to improve the selection operator of SGA. Simultaneously, in order to decrease the randomicity of SGA, the crossover probability, crossover position and mutation probability are adjusted dynamically by using fuzzy inference, which is based on analyzing the heuristic fuzzy relationship between algorithm performance and evolutionary parameters from the viewpoints of environment, population, individual and gene.

该算法利用免疫系统独特性网络学说，改进标准遗传算法选择算子，提高了种群多样性；同时从环境、种群、个体和基因角度，全面分析算法寻优性能和各种进化参数的启发式模糊关系，采用模糊推理动态调整交叉率、交叉位置和变异率，减小了标准遗传操作的随机性。

Three hypotheses is put forward, based on microexamination about sample evaporation during determaination of isotope abundance by thermal ionization:1. Only atoms uncovered by outer layer atoms can be vapoured; 2. Atoms covered by outer layer atoms can diffuse but cannot vapoure; 3. The probability of diffusion of isotope atoms is in direct proportion to its probability of evaporation.

根据对热表面电离源同位素丰度测量过程中样品蒸发的微观研究，提出如下三条假设：(1 )未被外层原子覆盖的原子才能蒸发；(2 )被外层原子覆盖的原子只能扩散不能蒸发；(3 )同位素原子的扩散几率与蒸发几率成正比。

Firstly, an empirical approximation model of stochastic programming is obtained by replacing the probability measure of original program with empirical probability measure. Sequentially, the constrained stochastic programming is transformed into an equivalent unconstrained stochastic programming. Finally, using the epi-convergence theory, the almost everywhere upper semiconvergence of optimal solution set of empirical approximations for stochastic programming is obtained.

首先通过经验概率测度替代初始规划的概率测度得到随机规划的经验逼近模型，然后将带有约束的随机规划问题转化成与其等价的无约束的随机规划问题，最后利用上图收敛性理论，给出了随机规划经验逼近最优解集的几乎处处上半收敛性。

The statistical analysis of this large set of mutations has led us to propose a diagnostic strategy that should help with the molecular work-up of optic neuropathies.

这一大系列基因突变的统计学分析引导我们提出一个诊断策略，可以帮助我们对视神经病变进行分子学的诊断检查。

The results show that the pipe grouting changes the mechanical parameters of surrounding rocks to achieve the security of engineering objectives by reinforcing surrounding rocks and bolcking the water.

研究表明：小导管注浆一方面改变了围岩的力学参数，另一方面利用浆液的固结特性可以实现堵水和加固围岩的工程目标，使隧道在开挖过程中的安全得到保障。