查询词典 probability density function

This text makes use of the diagram of Venn, changing abstract probability into the direct- viewing diagrams. It is completely to explain how to use the diagram of Venn to show the relation of events and the area of the diagram express event probability.

本文将利用数形结合的思想，把抽象的概念转化为直观的Venn图，并将全面完整地阐述如何利用Venn图表示事件之间的关系，图形的面积表示事件的概率。

Major topics covered are: basic concepts of probability, sample space and events, axioms of probability, random variables, discrete and continuous distributions, joint and marginal distributions, numerical characteristic for random variables, the weak law of large numbers, central limit theorem, basic concepts of statistics, parameter estimate, hypothesis testing and regression analysis.

本课程的基本内容有：随机事件及其概率、随机变量及其分布、多维随机变量及其分布、随机变量的数字特征、大数定律与极限定理、数理统计的基础知识、参数估计、假设检验、回归分析。

Therefore, in this thesis, a new set of models about breaking probability and whitecap coverage is set up using this breaking criterion. Under the assumption of linear ocean waves, and in the light of the theoretical framework about the probabilistic distribution of wave characteristics (Sun Fu 1988), several probabilistic distributions of wave characteristics that is necessary for the estimation of breaking probability and whitecap coverage are derived.

在线性海浪假设下，基于孙孚（1988）关于三维海浪要素统计分布的理论框架，具体给出二维海浪波峰处质点水平速度和表观相速的联合分布等分布函数，在此基础上，根据运动学判据，分别建立起风浪破碎率和白浪覆盖率的理论模式。

While I understand the rationale of these arguments, I attach a zero probability to another discrete adjustment of the exchange rate this year and a less than a 20% probability for next year.

尽管我知道这些论点具有合理性，但我认为今年人民币汇率再度出现一次性大幅升值的可能性为零，而明年的可能性不会超过20%。

Test results showed that surface impurity was cleaned out and it was found that the zero probability damage-threshold increased 24% and 50% probability damage-threshold increased 19%.

结果发现，石英基片在经过紫外脉冲激光预处理后表面杂质得到有效清除并暴露了低阈值缺陷，处理后的石英基片零几率损伤阈值平均提高24%左右，50%损伤阈值提高约19%。

One might attempt to claim that if an event has such a low probability that it does not occur in a very large sample, then actually estimating its probability to be zero will not be a major error.

当一个事件在大规模样本集合中没有出现，属于低概率事件，而实际计算结果为零，这是一个很主要的错误。

The simulation showed that without EMBr, the floating-up probability was nearly zero for the inclusions less than 50μm, and 6% for the inclusions larger than 200μm. With EMBr, the floating-up probability was 25% for the inclusions less than 50μm, and 38% for the inclusions larger than 200μm.

数值模拟表明，无电磁制动时，粒径在50μm以下的夹杂物颗粒其上浮概率几乎为零，200μm夹杂物颗粒上浮概率为6%；有电磁制动时，粒径在50μm以下的夹杂物颗粒的上浮概率为25%， 200μm夹杂物颗粒上浮概率为38%。

Numbers near the branches were bootstrap probability values coming from 1000 replications. Some bootstrap probability values were 92%(Coturnix chinensis/ Coturnix japonica), 100%(Tetraogallus altaicus/ Tetraogallus himalayensis), and 100%(Tetraogallus altaicus/ Tetraogallus himalayensis/ Tetraogallus tibetanus. The overall average distance was 0.112, and average genetic distance among Tetralgallus was 0.042. The genera Alectoris, Coturnix, Tetrao-gallus and Pucrasia formed a monophyletic group.

结果表明：日本鹌鹑和蓝胸鹌鹑的BP值为92%，阿尔泰雪鸡和喜玛拉雅雪鸡(T.himalayensis)的BP值为100%，(阿尔泰雪鸡、喜玛拉雅雪鸡)和藏雪鸡(T.tibetanus)的BP值为100%；石鸡属、鹌鹑属、雪鸡属和勺鸡属组成一个单系群；石鸡属和鹌鹑属的共同祖先与雪鸡属的祖先是姐妹群。

According to a thorough comparison and analysis of several classical criticality indexes including Path Criticality Probability, Activity Criticality Probability, Activity 'Cruciality' Index, all these indexes have limitations and pitfalls to some degree. Therefore, Activity Compound Criticality Index is presented as a compound index of ACP and ACI, and on the basis of ACCI, Project Compound Criticality Index, a new index that reflects the criticality of a whole project or subproject is proposed.

首先，对几个经典关键性指标——线路关键概率(Path Criticality Probability， PCP)、工序关键概率(Activity Criticality Probability， ACP)和工序关键指标(Activity Cruciality Index， ACI)——进行比较研究；鉴于各自利弊，提出一个 ACP 与 ACI 的整合指标——工序复合关键指标(Activity Compound Criticality Index，ACCI)，并进一步提出了一个表征项目整体&关键&水平的新指标项目——复合关键指标(Project Compound Criticality Index， PCCI)。

We analyse the probability of success in deception by malicious groups of receivers, discuss the threshould schemes with limited the number of malicious receivers, give the calculation formule of probability of successful attacks in any transmitted information, and information - theoretic lower bounds,show the size of the secret key space for each participation under the securiey level, provide the construction about the authentication schemes.

第三部分提出了动态会议认证系统，利用动态会议系统的特点，引入验证密钥集，我们运用熵函数，交互信息量及概率分布等方法，对限制内部欺骗者个数的情况进行了分析，得出了欺骗者对系统实施各种攻击成功概率的计算公式及信息论下界，说明了系统在某一安全水平下，各用户应掌握的密钥量。

Many will continue to choose to live in duality and in conflict.

许多人将继续选择活在二元对立性和冲突中。

I find that students of the University of Physical Education all wear sportswear at first sight.

我发现：体育大学的学生乍一看，都是穿运动衣，大家都一样