查询词典 precipitation

Deformation greatly promoted carbonitride isothermal precipitation and made C-curve shift leftwards. The position and shape of C-curve depended on the content of Nb and N to a great extent, C-curve shifted leftwards a little when N content increased and its nose temperature was raised with Nb content increased. 3 when cooling rate increased, start temperature and finish temperature of continuous cooling precipitation decreased, full precipitation became difficult to take place, the volume fraction of carbonitride precipitation decreased, molar fraction of Nb and C dissolved in austenite increased, and the precipitation grain was further refined. Deformation shorten precipitation start time during continuous cooling, raised precipitation start temperature, accelerated precipitation kinetics of carbonitrides.

计算表明：1在Fe—Nb—C系统中，随着温度的降低，析出相的平衡体积分数增加，溶解在奥氏体中的Nb、C的摩尔分数降低，析出相中C和Nb的原子分数的比值v增加；2变形大大促进了碳氮化物的等温析出，使C曲线左移，Nb和N的含量与C曲线的位置和形状有一定的关系，N含量的增加，使C曲线略有左移，而Nb的含量的增加使得C曲线的鼻子区上移；3随着冷却速率的增大，连续冷却析出的开始温度和结束温度均有所降低，并且析出变得越来越不充分，析出相体积分数明显减小，溶解在奥氏体中Nb和C的摩尔分数增大，析出相粒子被明显细化，变形大大缩短了CCP过程碳氮化物析出的开始时间，提高了析出的开始温度，促进了析出动力学。

Precipitation analysis sub-system . Precipitation is the ultimate origin of water resource. According to the statistics of precipitation material in the past 50years, the spatial database of precipitation was founded, it included the location of precipitation observation stations, mensal precipitation, and so on.

1降水分析子系统降水是水资源最根本的来源，根据过去50年降水观测资料，建立降水量空间数据库，包括雨量观测站位置、按月统计的降水量等。

The diurnal variation of precipitation and effects of water vapor and temperature on precipitation are simulated by a three-dimensional cloud model. The cloud model reproduces the maxima and minima of diurnal variations of precipitation and reflectivity. The high humidity in low level at night is the key factor for the precipitation.

同时，利用三维云模式模拟了降水的日变化和水汽及温度对降水的影响，云模式再现了降水和回波强度的最大和最小值，晚上低层的高湿度是影响降水的重要因素。

It is presented that indirect assimilation experiment of CMW data from TCFM method improves effectively not only on vertical velocity field but for precipitation.4 Based on theory analysis, E-Ir relationship is brought forward with two electrification mechanisms. One is inductive mechanism, i.e., cloud particles collide with precipitation particles then flick away, the other is noninductive mechanism because of different temperature, i.e., bigger supercooled cloud particles collide and freeze with hail particles combined with ice scraps. By means of CINRAD and FY2C data assimilation, precipitation intensity Ir can be obtained, then electric field intensity E, discharge time and locations can be achieved with supposed threshold 300KV/m. Though it can not distinguish between IC (Intra-Cloud) lightning and CG (Cloud-to-Ground) lightning, results are still comparable to LLS observations.5 Example analysis shows that the relationship between precipitation data from AMS and CG data from LLS is not very clear.

同化实验对于台风眼区的螺旋形雨带贡献显著，说明TCFM云导风资料同化实验不仅有效调整了模式的垂直速度场，还对降水模拟有了明显改善。4通过理论分析，利用云粒子与极化降水粒子碰撞并弹离的感应起电机制和较大过冷云滴与雹粒碰冻并产生冰屑的温差起电机制下得到的E-Ir，由雷达、卫星遥感资料直接和间接同化模拟得到Ir，来反推E，了解雷暴云中闪电强度的平面分布，设置放电阈值为300KV/m，推算出放电的位置和首次发生闪电的时间。

External regulator of positive feedback is variation of precipitation amount and frequency of extreme precipitation. It is shown that desertification is predetermined by the decreased precipitation as well as by the decrease in frequency of precipitation. In the second half of 20th century importance of man-induced degradation of dry lands as additional regulator of positive feedback has been increased.

正反馈的外部调节因子是降水量的变化和极端降水事件的出现频率，降水量减少以及降水频率的降低直接影响沙漠化的程度。20世纪下半叶，人类因素导致的干旱土地退化作为另外的正反馈调节因子，其重要性正在增加。

And then the effect of precipitation to water and heat character of soil is analyzed. The results indicate that the level which precipitation effect water and heat character of soil is different under different precipitation intensity. The affect degree of precipitation to surface physical variate is similar in winter and in summer, but the time that soil return to normal state is different, which in winter is longer than in summer.

其次分析了降水对荒漠土壤水热性质的影响，结果表明：不同大小的降水强度对地表物理量的影响不同；冬季和夏季相比，降水对地表物理量的影响差不多，但冬季的土壤状态的恢复时间要长得多；土壤湿度和反照率的驰豫期与降水都有很好的相关。

Mesoscale model MM5 isused to examine the orographic effect to the precipitation caused by a MesoscaleConvective System over Taiwan. A seriesof sensitive simulations are carried out toinvestigate the sensitivity of model resolution and orographic accuracy to precipitation.

Keywords：orographic effect； MCS； precipitation 台湾地形对1998年6月7-8日中标准对流系统降雨的影响朱晓金张庆红摘要：利用中标准模式MM5研究了台湾地形对中标准对流系统所引起的降雨的影响。

The results show:① The predominant period bands represented in the lowfrequency fluctuation field are interseasonal fluctuations of 6 pentads (30 days) and 10 pentads (50 days) and the intraseasonal fluctuations of 15 to 17 pentads (75 to 85 days).② The 30day fluctuation period is an intrinsic fluctuation of the pentad precipitation in rainy season of Yunnan Province.③ When El Nino or La Nina happens, there is a 50day fluctuation period in the pentad precipitation in rainy season of Yunnan.④ While there is a 75-85 day fluctuation period in the pentad precipitation in rainy season of Yunnan, the precipitation anomaly percentage in the main flood period in Yunnan is positive; on the contrary, while there is no 75-85 day fluctuation, the precipitation anomaly percentage is negative.

结果表明：①云南地区雨季降水主要低频振荡周期为6候(30天)，10候(50天)的月际振荡和15～17候(75～85天)的季节内振荡；②云南雨季的候降水每年都存在30天振荡周期，30天振荡是云南雨季固有的振荡；③当发生El Nino或La Nina异常气候事件时，云南雨季的候降水存在50天振荡周期；④当云南雨季存在75～85天振荡时，云南主汛期(6～8月)降水距平百分率为正(除2000年为零距平)；当云南雨季不存在75～85天振荡时，云南主汛期降水距平百分率为负。

The outcomes show that a the correlation between ELNINO and precipitation of Shandong is remarkable and the influence of ELNINO or La Nina to the amount of precipitation of coastland in Shandong is much greater than that of the inland. Shandong precipitation is in a trend of reduction during the happening year of ELNINO and the precipitation is in a trend of increase during the happening year of La Nina; b whether is ELNINO or La Nina, the influence to the precipitation of Shandong is mainly concentrated in summer and autumn, almost no influence in spring and the influence to precipitation trend in winter and whole year is just contrary and; c the dry year of Shandong Province mainly happens in the continuous ELNINO years or the next year of La Nina and floods basically happens in La Nina year or the next year of La Nina.

结果表明：①厄尔尼诺与山东省降水相关性显著，无论是厄尔尼诺还是拉尼娜，它们对山东省沿海降水量的影响远大于对内陆的影响，厄尔尼诺发生的年份，山东省降水量呈减小趋势，而拉尼娜发生的年份，降水量呈增大趋势；②无论是厄尔尼诺还是拉尼娜，对山东省降水量的影响主要集中在夏季和秋季，对春季几乎没有什么影响，对冬季降水趋势的影响与全年的影响正好相反；③山东省的干旱年份主要发生在连续性厄尔尼诺年或者厄尔尼诺的次年，而洪涝基本发生在拉尼娜年或拉尼娜的次年。

Based on the results simulated by PRECIS (Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies), which is developed in the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, changes of surface air temperature and precipitation under SRES B2 scenario in South China during 2071~2100 are analyzed. It is shown that, compared to baseline (1961~1990), surface air temperature in 2071~2100 would increase by 2~4℃, precipitation in summer would increase in the north part to 22°N, while the precipitation in winter would decrease in the whole areas of South China. The climate trend of the surface air temperature would be positive, however the climate trend of the precipitation would be negative, the occurrence frequency of extremely high temperature events and extremely heavy precipitation events would increase.

利用英国Hadley气候预测和研究中心的区域气候模式系统PRECIS，模拟分析基于政府间气候变化专门委员会 2000年发布的《排放情景特别报告》中设计的B2情景下华南区域2071~2100年的温度和降水量的可能变化，结果显示：2071~2100年均地面温度相对于气候基准时段（1961~1990年）上升约2~4℃；华南区域未来夏季降水量在22°N以北区域较气候基准时段增加，而以南区域减少；冬季降水则表现为华南区域较气候基准时段减少。2071~2100年华南区域的温度气候趋势系数为正值，年均降水气候趋势系数为负值。2071~2100年的高温事件和强降水事件的发生频率均比气候基准时段明显增加。

If Pentium 4 used to be the master of all games built on Quake3 engine, now the situation has changed completely.

如果奔腾4使用的是掌握所有游戏建立在求苛刻的发动机，现在的情况已完全改变。

No, this is not what we mean by framing, although the principle is the same.

不，这不是我们所讲的框架的含义，尽管法则是一样的。