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There is little difference between the molecular phylogenetic tree based on mtDNA cox3 sequence and the species phylogenetic tree. But the results of Locusta nugratoria and Apis mellifera iigustica in molecular phylogenetic tree are different from those in species phylogenetic tree.

基于mtDNA COX3序列数据构建的分子系统进化树基本上可反映一组物种的亲缘关系，但东亚飞蝗和蜜蜂在分子系统树中与形态系统中的结果明显不同，可能与生态环境及繁殖方式有关。

In the first chapter, using fragments of COI gene, we studied the phylogenetic relationships among species of five familes of Acridoidea with MP and Bayesian methods. The results were as follows:(1) Species of Acrididae, Gomphoceridae and all the Arcypterinae species of Arcypteridae are monophyletic. Species of Oedipodidae are supported as a monophyleticgroup, Ceracrinae species of Arcypteridae cluter together to make a monophyletic group. Epistaurus aberrans and Xenocatantops humilis is a phylogenetic group, Stenocatantops splendens and Hieroglyphus banian is also a phylogenetic group.

我们首先利用COI基因序列片段，使用最大简约法、贝叶斯法研究了斑腿蝗科、剑角蝗科、斑翅蝗科、网翅蝗科和槌角蝗科5个科42种的系统发育关系，得到如下结果：（1）由所有网翅蝗亚科的物种与剑角蝗科绿洲蝗亚科和槌角蝗科的物种组成一个单系群；斑翅蝗科的物种组成一个单系群；网翅蝗科的竹蝗亚科的黄脊雷蓖蝗和青脊竹蝗聚在一起形成单系群；斑腿蝗科的长翅十字蝗和大斑外斑腿蝗亲缘关系较近，形成一个单系群；长角直斑腿蝗和等歧蔗蝗始终聚在一起，形成一个单系群。

Phylogenetic analysis based on 5.8S/ITS sequence indicated Armillaria luteo-virens has a distant phylogenetic relationship with other genera of Tricholomataceae. Phylogenetic analysis based on two IGS-1 sequences indicated there were significant differences between the IGS-1 sequence of Armillaria luteo-virens and that of other species of Armillaria.

基于ITS的系统发育分析表明黄绿蜜环菌与口蘑科内其它属间物种的系统发育关系较远；基于IGS-1的系统发育分析表明黄绿蜜环菌与蜜环菌属内的其它种序列差异较大，系统发育关系较远，而与Lepiota属内的部分种具有较近的系统发育关系。

The phylogenetic analysis of Gymnothorax was reported in this paper by being based on DNA sequences of mitochondrial Cytb gene.17 species of Cytb gene full-length sequences were obtained and their length of Cytb gene was 1140bp.All sequences were analysised by using biological software, the phylogenetic tree was constructed by using three kinds of common contribution phylogenetic tree methods and the phylogeny of 17 species of Gymnothorax was deduced.

本论文采用线粒体Cytb基因为分子标记，共获得裸胸鳝属鱼类17种Cytb基因序列全长为1140bp的部分序列，应用分子生物学软件对结果进行分析，使用3种常见的建树方法：NJ法、ME法和MP法重建系统发育树，对裸胸鳝属17种鱼类的系统关系进行研究，为探讨裸胸鳝属鱼类的分子进化，确定它们之间的关系提供分子生物学方面的证据。

Three primer pairs located in psbA~trnK, psbB~psbH and trnR-ACG~trnN-GUU regions were applied in phylogenetic analysis according to Maximum parsimony and Neighbor-joining methods. The consistent results between the phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy indicated the application potential of the three primer pairs in phylogenetic analysis and species identification. However, due to no sequence variation observed in amplified regions between two vegetable soybean varieties (KS5 and KS8), two cowpea subspecies (Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica and Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis), and among three rice varieties (TNG67, TK9, and TCS10), the three primer pairs are not effective in identifying variation within species.

选择其中三组引子对(基因体位置为psbA~trnK、psbB~psbH及trnR-ACG~trnN-GUU)增幅片段之序列进行亲缘分析，以最大简约法及邻接法之分群结果皆与目前植物分类相符，故三组引子对在物种间亲缘关系分析及物种鉴定上都有不错的效果，位於psbA~trnK及psbB~psbH之引子对效果尤佳，但是三组引子对在物种内变异的辨识效果不甚理想，在两个毛豆品种间(高雄5号与高雄8号)、两个豇豆亚种间及三个水稻品种间(台农67号、台稉9号与台中秈10号)的增幅片段没有明显差异存在。

The study on the phylogenetic relations among these species is very useful for the study on genome and marker-assisted breeding in Brassica species. The karyotypic analysis is one of the most important methods in analysing the phylogenetic relation of species with closer relations. The protocol for inducing high frequency metaphase was established by pretreatment with low temperature and 8hydroxyquinoline, and then the preparation of chromosome and karyotypes analysis of six economical important Brassica species were carried out. According to the karyotypic analysis, it was shown that in the genomes of amphidiploid species, there are genomical components from didiploid species. Our result showed that B. campetris, B. juncea and B. napus belonged to class 2B, while B.

以二倍体B.nigra（B，n=8）基因组为探针，用B.campestris（A，n=10）或B.oleracea（C，n=9）的基因组进行封阻，分别与B.juncea（AB，n=18）和B.carinata（BC，n=17）进行GISH杂交发现，B.juncea和B.carinata基因组中仅有来自于B.nigra的8对染色体表现杂交信号，而其它染色体杂交信号较弱；以B.campestris或B.oleracea基因组为杂交探针与B.napus（AC，n=19）进行GISH杂交发现，所有19对染色体均出现杂交信号，根据杂交结果难以正确判断B.napus基因组中的哪些染色体是来自于A基因组，哪些是来自于C基因组；以rRNA基因（18S-5.8S-26S）为探针的FISH杂交结果表明，B.campestris基因组中rRNA基因位点为6对；B.oleracea为3对；B.nigra为2对；B.carinata为4对；B.juncea为6对；B.napus为6对。

Based on Phylogenetic analysis of sequences from these 10 phytoplasmas using PAUP (phylogenetic analysis using parsimony) software, these phytoplasmas could be classified into five groups. These phytoplasmas groups and strains were: group 1, sweetpotato witches' broom, mainland China strain of sweetpotato witches' broom, peanut witches' broom and Ipomoea obscura witches' broom; group 2, loofah witches' broom; group 3, elm yellows; group 4, rice yellow dwarf and sugarcane white leaf disease; group 5, New Jersey strain of aster yellows and western strain of aster yellows.

从spacer序列堆衍的亲缘演化树显示这10种植物菌质体可分为5群：第一群，甘薯簇叶病、甘薯簇叶病、花生簇叶病及细花牵牛簇叶病等菌质体；第二群，丝瓜簇叶病菌质体；第三群，榆树黄化病菌质体；第四群，水稻黄萎病及甘蔗白叶病菌质体；第五群，翠菊黄化病菌质体。

The kinds of nuclear protein-coding genes were more than ribosome genes in insect phylogenetic analyses, but most of them were only applied to phylogenetic analyses of Diptera and Lepidoptera,and few gen...

与核糖体基因相比，虽然编码蛋白的核基因应用于昆虫分子系统学的种类不少，但大部分都是应用于双翅目和鳞翅目昆虫的分子系统学研究中，能够成功地普遍用于多个目昆虫的系统学研究的核基因并不多。

The phylogenetic tree of fish IgH conserved region contains two major branches of teleost and elasmobranch, and snakehead IgH is most closely related to pufferfish. The phylogenetic tree of IgL conserved region shows three major branches, and snakehead IgL locate as a branch of IgL1A.

根据IgH和IgL恒定区氨基酸序列构建系统进化树，鱼类IgH形成硬骨鱼和软骨鱼两大分支，其中乌鳢IgH与河豚IgH的亲缘关系较近；硬骨鱼IgL系统树显示3个主要的分支：L1、L2和L3，乌鳢IgL位于L1分支的L1 A亚类。

In conclusion, a comprehensive analysis of water lilies based on morphological and molecular data was performed, showing the phylogenetic relationships among the 10 genera and providing new evidence for classification at family level. The specific and infraspecific relationships within the genus Nymphaea were revealed using the ITS sequences, providing a new approach to germplasm identification and phylogenetic analysis of water lilies. The investigation of invasive fanwort in China may also provide a sound basis of its ecological studies.

总之，本文以国内外长期研究为基础进行了综合定量的形态学与分子序列分析，明确了10个属的系统位置，为科的划分提供了新的依据；通过运用ITS序列研究睡莲属的种及种下单位之间的亲缘关系，为睡莲类植物的种质资源鉴定提供了新的工具；对水盾草进行了初步的调查分析，为今后深入开展其生态学研究打下了良好的基础。

Warden: That's a beautiful dog, but don't bring her again.

那是条漂亮的狗，但是不要再把她带来了。

You get up in the morning – no hangover!

你第二天早上起来的时候—不会宿醉！