查询词典 penalty

Have taken a lot of measures. Death penalty has been used as a kind of punishing and preventing means of the crime by ruling class all the time since slave society, and has been used that has not been suspected at all several thousand years. The death penalty becomes a hot spot of society gradually until the rise of the sport of the teaching and beginning in west. Since1764 the Italy famous punishment jurist Beccaria proposed that death penalty should be abolished and restricted for the first time, the battle whether death penalty should be abolished or not all the time is existence, but the problem of death penalty has not been really solved fundamentally.

死刑作为惩罚和预防犯罪的一种手段，从奴隶社会以来一直为统治阶级所使用，并被毫无怀疑的使用了几千年；直到西方启蒙运动的兴起，死刑才逐渐成为一个社会热点问题。1764年意大利著名刑法学家贝卡利亚首次明确提出了废除死刑和限制死刑适用的主张后，死刑的存废之争一直延续至今，但并没有从根本上真正解决死刑问题。

This chapter tries to solve the following issues:as theconscious awareness of law-makers,the penalty-crimerelationship determines how to make law;as the form ofideas,the penalty-crime relationship regulates and guidesthe process of law-making and judicature;penalty andcrime as provided by law is nothing but the model for thepenalty-crime relationship presupposed and defined bylawmakers;the presupposition and definition of thepenalty-crime relationship is the value-based evaluativeactivity on the grounds of cognition;the change invalue-based criteria and the inherent contradiction of theobjective to beevaluated is the fundamental precondition for the definitionof the penalty-crime relationship;the change in classcontradiction is the basic cause for the change inevaluative criteria;the change in the objective to theevaluated reflects the demands and interests of the rulingclass to a certain extent,and lastly;as the evaluativeform of negating crime,penalty and its effectiveness dependheavily on the unity of compulsiveness and justice.

文章论述了刑罪关系作为立法者的自觉意识决定着刑事立法；刑罪关系作为观念的形式，规束并引导着立法和司法，法律中规定的犯罪与刑罚，是立法者设定的刑罪关系范式；刑罪关系的设定是以认识为基础的价值评价活动，价值标准的变动性和评价对象的内在矛盾性，是刑罪关系设立的根本前提，指出了阶级矛盾的变化是导致评价标准不确定的根本原因；评价对象的转移，在一定程度上反映出统治阶级利益的需要。刑罚作为对犯罪否定评价的方式，其有效性在于强制性与正义性的统一。

This thesis has carried on some new explorations and researches in following three aspects: A. researching the combination course between rites and penalty law, we focus on the juristic basis, the legislation and the judicative practice in Chinese ancient times, and then gave three-dimensional demonstrations; B. we draw our conclusion about the nature of the syncretism of rites and penalty through paying attention on the interactivity of rites and penalty, not only on the unilateralism of them; C. we discuss on the value orientation of the syncretism of rites and penalty by comparing rites with penalty, which was determined by rank, patriarchal clan system, ethicality and sociality.

本论文在以下三个方面进行了一些新的探索和认识：在探索礼刑结合的过程中力图从思想层面的法理认识、立法层面的法律规范和实践层面的司法活动三个方面的结合分析中，形成立体化的论述；在认识礼刑结合的本质上，强调"礼"与"刑"的互动性，而不拘泥于传统的儒家思想改造刑律的单向化描述；在认识礼刑结合的价值取向上，从"礼"与"刑"的异同出发，点破了礼刑结合的价值取向在于等级性、宗法性、伦理性和社会性。

In the second section, The exchanged penalty system is divided into exchanged fine and exchanged freedom penalty. No paied fine is divided into malicely escaped fine and incapably paied fine.They is exchanged for different penalty. Concerning Exchanged freedom penalty,we introduce "two conditions".and the conditions of exchanged freedom penalty.

在第四章第二节中，将刑罚易科制度分为罚金刑易科与自由刑易科分别论述，将不交纳罚金分为恶意逃避交纳罚金与确实无能力交纳罚金并分别处以不同的易科种类；自由刑易科则采用"两条件说"，阐明了适用自由刑易科需符合的条件。

The principal problems concerning pecuniary penalty were:problem of establishing pecuniary penang as a principal penalty,the problem of units and grades of the pecuniary penalty.the problem of bartering pecuniary penalty for remission of terms of imprisonment,the problem of too light or too heavy an imposition of the pecuniary penalty,and the problem of the relationship between the pecuniary penalty and damages.

从1908年到1910年，中央各部院堂官、地方各省督抚、将军都统陆续上奏对大清刑律草案的签注意见，其中涉及罚金的主要问题有：罚金定为主刑问题、罚金单位和等级问题、罚金易刑问题、罚金适用的过轻与过重问题、罚金与赔偿金的关系问题。

For instance, not all crimes of pursuing illegal profits are allocated penalty of fine, these crimes which not be allocated are allocated confiscatory penalty, this situation confuses the functions of penalty of fine and confiscatory penalty; and the majority of unintentional crime and light crime aren"t allocated penalty of fine; even analyses from the proportion of coexistence of penalty of fine and other penalties, the penalty of fine will be proved that it"s not light penalty.

如并非所有的贪利性犯罪都配置了罚金刑，没有配置罚金刑的多以没收财产代替，混淆了罚金刑和没收财产刑的功能；过失犯罪和故意犯罪配置罚金刑的比例严重失调；大多数的轻罪也没有配置罚金刑，造成了轻罪重罚的尴尬局面；从罚金刑与其他刑种同时配置的比例分析，甚至从制度方面反推出罚金刑不是轻刑。

This thesis has carried on some new explorations and researches in following three aspects: A. researching the combination course between rites and penalty law, we focus on the juristic basis, the legislation and the judicative practice in Chinese ancient times, and then gave three-dimensional demonstrations; B. we draw our conclusion about the nature of the syncretism of rites and penalty through paying attention on the interactivity of rites and penalty, not only on the unilateralism of them; C. we discuss on the value orientation of the syncretism of rites and penalty by comparing rites with penalty, which was determined by rank, patriarchal clan system, ethicality and sociality.

本论文在以下三个方面进行了一些新的探索和认识：在探索礼刑结合的过程中力图从思想层面的法理认识、立法层面的法律规范和实践层面的司法活动三个方面的结合分析中，形成立体化的论述；在认识礼刑结合的本质上，强调&礼&与&刑&的互动性，而不拘泥于传统的儒家思想改造刑律的单向化描述；在认识礼刑结合的价值取向上，从&礼&与&刑&的异同出发，点破了礼刑结合的价值取向在于等级性、宗法性、伦理性和社会性。

The development of penalty is a process from uncivilization to civilization.The penalty has changed from death and corporal penalty to imprison penalty.Today, modern penalty tends to put more attention on non-imprisonment penalty.

从世界范围来看，刑罚的发展经历了1个从野蛮到文明，从以死刑、肉刑为主到以监禁刑为主，再以非监禁刑为主的过程，这是刑罚向科学化发展的必然趋势。

The development of penalty is a process from uncivilization to civilization.The penalty has changed from death and corporal penalty to imprison penalty.Today, modern penalty tends to put more attention on non-imprisonment penalty.

从世界范围来看，刑罚的发展经历了一个从野蛮到文明，从以死刑、肉刑为主到以监禁刑为主，再以非监禁刑为主的过程，这是刑罚向科学化发展的必然趋势。

Development , China present national conditions and citizen idea of death penalty ,etc. angle of death penalty analyse from China, is it restrain from , reduce death penalty suitable theory and abolish practice of death penalty our times to combine. I think abolish death penalty the realistic act in China the present stage, but it is essential that the one that limit and reduce death penalty in China further is suitable , it is feasible too. We should set about from substantive law , procedure law ,etc.

从中国死刑的演变、中国当前的国情和公民死刑的观念等角度进行分析，结合限制和减少死刑适用的理论和当今世界废除死刑的实践，笔者认为虽然现阶段在中国废除死刑并非现实之举，但进一步限制和减少死刑在中国的适用是必要的，也是可行的。

I use an example quoted by Hu Jiaqi:"It is reported that America separates the DNA of a kind of virus by making use of genetic technology and combines it with another kind of DNA. Finally, they get a kind of virulent biological agent called a "pyrotoxin". Someone discloses in private that 20 grams of such a kind of biological agent could result in the global death of 6 billion people due to infection."

我在这里例举胡家奇所引用过的例子："据报道，美国利用转基因技术，将一种病毒的DNA分离出来，与另外一种DNA进行结合，拼结成一种剧毒的"热毒素"生物战剂，且私下有人透露，这种生物战剂只需20克，就可以导致全球60亿人全部感染死亡。"

Waiting, for the queers and the coons and the Reds and the Jews.

等待着疯子和黑人还有红色共产主义者还有犹太人