查询词典 liberalism

This article proposed: First, the political philosophy and latter modernism are to the initiation inheritance profound resonsideration, but their standpoint is different; Second, the political philosophy's subject is just, but regarding anything is just, the new liberalism interior is debated, between it and the social group principle's argument is more intense; Third, the initiation is a not enterprise unexpectedly, the new liberalism and latter modernism are impossible to end the initiation.

本文提出：第一，政治哲学和后现代主义是对启蒙遗产的深刻反思，但它们立场是不同的；第二，政治哲学的主题是正义，但对于什么是正义，新自由主义内部是充满争论的，它与社群主义之间的争论则更为激烈；第三，启蒙是一项未竟的事业，新自由主义和后现代主义都不可能终结启蒙。

They criticize cold-bloodedly all bondage of individual liberalism in order to achieve a liberalism constitutional government by progressing step by step or improvement not by a revolution.

对束缚个人自由的一切枷锁进行无情的抨击在于实现自由主义的宪政，而实现的路径则祈求于渐进的、改良的、非革命的手段。

As the critic of liberalism, communitarianism criticizes the view of liberalism about self and justice by historical methodology. The communitarian think that history makes up the self and it is not the individual that makes the value choice, independent of history and community. In the same way, the meaning and value of the justice come from history and tradition; justice out of history is only a nonobjective concept.

社群主义作为自由主义的批判者出现，以历史主义的方法对自由主义理论基础的自我观、正义观展开了批评，他们认为是历史构成了个人而不是像自由主义认为的个人独立于历史与社会之外进行价值选择；同样，正义的价值和内容也都来自于历史和传统，离开历史的正义只是一个空洞而抽象的形式概念。

Liberalism, as a school of thought and a social ideational campaign, is a Europeanizing phenomenon from middle ages to modern times. But Russian liberalism existed and played its role as a variance of European liberalism——"have-not" liberalism. At the beginning of 18th century, the reform of Peter the Great provided the soil for the western culture permeating through Russia.

自由主义作为一种思想流派和社会思想政治运动，是从中世纪向近代社会过渡时期的全欧现象，而俄国的自由主义则是以欧洲自由主义的变异形态即"不充分的自由主义"存在并发挥作用的。18世纪初彼得大帝的改革为西方文化渗入俄国土壤提供了温床。

The author in this chapter holds that legal value of liberalism determines the capacity of parties to contracts as subjects and their rights and obligations, and therefore, the idea of liberalism is the soul of contracts, and contracts are a direct outcome of the value of liberalism, and the existance of free contracts will become meaningless without the supremeness of individual rights orignated in liberalism.

因此，可以说，自由主义思想是契约的灵魂，契约是自由主义价值的直接产物，没有自由主义思想中的个人权利至高无上性，自由正义的契约就无从存在。

After studying the disseminative process of liberalism, this article conveys that because liberalism could not afford systematic and effective schemes on the level of social transformation on one hand, and on the other hand, it could not provide resource of valuable rectification and integration on level of culture spirits. Therefore, liberalism's failure was an inevitable choice in modern times in China.

本文通过对自由主义在中国近代传播的历史进程考察后分析认为，由于自由主义一方面既不能从社会改造的层面提供系统有效的方案，另一方面也不能从文化精神层面为社会提供价值整合资源，因而，自由主义在近代中国的失败是历史必然的选择。

Liberalism, as a school of thought and a social ideational campaign, is a Europeanizing phenomenon from middle ages to modern times. But Russian liberalism existed and played its role as a variance of European liberalism——"have-not" liberalism. At the beginning of 18th century, the reform of Peter the Great provided the soil for the western culture permeating through Russia.

自由主义作为一种思想流派和社会思想政治运动，是从中世纪向近代社会过渡时期的全欧现象，而俄国的自由主义则是以欧洲自由主义的变异形态即&不充分的自由主义&存在并发挥作用的。18世纪初彼得大帝的改革为西方文化渗入俄国土壤提供了温床。

In this controversy, the faction of autarchy went to the opposite of the standpoint of liberalism and expressed their adoration to the authoritarianism. This was because they did not finish the mission of the enlightenment and did not overstep traditional culture. For the faction of democracy, they stuck to the position of the liberalism but lapsed from the principle of the value of the liberalism to some extent. This was mainly because they were wildered between instrumental rationality and value rationality of the liberalism and had defects at value rationality. And for the third faction, the faction of Revised Democratic Politics, they tried to seek balance of power and liberty, but finally, they leaned to the power and the liberty would probably dissolve. This was because they had excessive confidence in nous construction and earnestly hoped that we had a powerful and prosperous country.

在论战中独裁派完全走向了自由主义价值立场的对立面，表现出对权威主义的崇拜，这主要是基于独裁论者未完成启蒙的历史使命和对传统的超越；民治派虽然坚持自由主义的立场，但他们在一定程度上背离了自由主义的价值原则，这主要是基于民治派迷失于自由主义的工具理性与价值理性之间，在价值理性上有阙失；第三派，即&修正的民主政治&派，试图在权力与自由之间求得平衡，但最终还是偏向于权力，自由有消解的危险，这主要是基于该派对于理性建构的过度自信和对国家强盛的热切。

Berlin refuses the traditionaldiscourse about liberalism, and has restructured liberalism on pluralism, which characterizes Berlins liberalism thought with intense communism features.

伯林反对自由主义的传统证成，在多元主义的基础上对自由主义进行重构。

It flourished in Germany, as "national Liberalism", in Austria, as "political Liberalism in general", in France, as the Liberalism of Gambetta's Opportunist party.

它在德国的蓬勃发展，为&国家自由主义&，在奥地利，作为&政治自由主义在一般&，在法国，作为自由主义的gambetta的机会主义的党。

I use an example quoted by Hu Jiaqi:"It is reported that America separates the DNA of a kind of virus by making use of genetic technology and combines it with another kind of DNA. Finally, they get a kind of virulent biological agent called a "pyrotoxin". Someone discloses in private that 20 grams of such a kind of biological agent could result in the global death of 6 billion people due to infection."

我在这里例举胡家奇所引用过的例子："据报道，美国利用转基因技术，将一种病毒的DNA分离出来，与另外一种DNA进行结合，拼结成一种剧毒的"热毒素"生物战剂，且私下有人透露，这种生物战剂只需20克，就可以导致全球60亿人全部感染死亡。"

Waiting, for the queers and the coons and the Reds and the Jews.

等待着疯子和黑人还有红色共产主义者还有犹太人