查询词典 habitat

Phenotypic plasticity and genetic differentiation are the two major strategies that alien invasive plants can adapt habitat heterogeneity.The polymorphism of invasive plants and the diversity of their dispersal way enable them occupying invaded habitat quickly,and dispersing with a far range.The breeding strategies that agamogenesis and amphigenesis can coexist and trade off according to the habitat and invasive stage can not only promote the invasive population erupted massively,but also directly affect the dispersal mechanism and regulate the genetic structure of the population.

表型可塑性和遗传分化是外来入侵植物对生境异质性的两种适应策略；散布体多态型和散布途径多种化，使外来入侵植物迅速占领入侵生境，并进行远距离扩散；无性生殖和有性生殖并存，并根据生境和入侵阶段权衡的繁育对策不仅使入侵种群大面积暴发成为可能，而且直接影响散布机制并对种群遗传结构具有调节作用。

1Niche construction can lead to stable coexistence of diverse genotypes in spatially structured population, which supports a stable polymorphism even without heterozygote superiority.(2)With habitat deterioration, niche construction accelerates the formation of steady polymorphism and hence impedes the harmful influences of environment on the population, which might embody a life-history strategy of organism under the unfavorable environment.(3)Niche construction results in the coexistence with alternative polymorphism through genotype-environment feedback and limited gene flow.(4)The niche-constructing organism is an active force to alter its environment and hence the direction of natural selection in order to better survival.(5)Spatial dynamics and distribution pattern of metapopulation are profoundly influenced by time-lagged niche construction.(6)Metapopulation size can reach a fixed level in the recency effect and equal weighting of time lag but is statistical stability in primacy effect, which implies the primacy effect is most remarkable.(7)The increment in the relative weightingof each generation\' niche construction and the length of time lag are significant factors for system destabilization.(8)Moderate capacity of positive niche construction benefits the metapopulation persistence.(9)The narrowing of niche breadth can decrease the metapopulation size and thereby increase the extinction risk.(10)The coupled function of time lag and niche construction make the system oscillation and generate the spiral wave, spiral-broken and circular wave in heterogeneous habitat.The spatial distributions of metapopulation and resource content are complementary due to a phase lag of their both frequencies.(12)Metapopulation persistence with niche construction depends not only on the balance between colonization and extinction, but also on the balance between the ability of niche construction and natural dissipation of habitat.(13)Metapopula-tion can survive under certain condition when the percent of suitable patches in habitat is lower than the ration of extinction to colonization.(14)Two thresholds exist in the process of transition of habitat quality dynamics from unsuitable to suitable, which include the intensity of niche construction and the initial condition of system.(15)Metapopulation size is positive correlated with the ability of positive niche construction, which means that organism or population who has strongly positive influences on their environment plays an important role to maintain the available habitat.

通过上述几个方面的研究，主要得出以下15条结论：(1)生态位构建可使空间结构种群，甚至是在没有杂合子优势的条件下，形成多种可能的稳定基因型分布模式；(2)随着环境的破坏与恶化，种群的生态位构建作用加速其较早形成稳定多态以阻碍环境对种群的不利影响，解释了有机体在不利环境下的一种生活史对策；(3)生态位构建作用通过基因型—环境反馈机制及有限的基因交流导致基因型多态的稳定共存；(4)有机体的生态位构建作用是一种积极的动力改变环境进而改变其自然选择的方向；(5)生态位构建的时滞作用对集合种群动态和空间分布产生深刻影响；(6)集合种群大小在时滞的崭新效应和等权重效应下达到一固定值，而在首位效应下达到统计稳定，表明首位效应的影响最显著；(7)首位效应下生态位构建相对权重的增量和时滞的长度是影响系统不稳定性动态的关键因素；(8)适中的生态位构建强度有利于集合种群的续存；(9)生态位宽度变窄会减少集合种群的数量从而增加其灭绝风险；(10)时滞和生态位构建的双重作用使系统产生周期振荡，并在异质性环境中产生稳定的螺旋波，破碎的螺旋波和环形波三种分布模式；(11)集合种群与资源含量的空间分布因为相滞而互补；(12)具有生态位构建的集合种群续存不仅取决于侵占率与灭绝率之间的平衡，而且依赖于生态位构建能力同其生境的自然消耗速率之间的妥协；(13)当生境中适合侵占的斑块比例小于其侵占率与灭绝率之比时，生态位构建作用促使集合种群在一定条件下续存：(14)生境斑块的状态从不适合到适合转变过程中存在生态位构建强度和系统初始条件这两个阈值；(15)集合种群的大小同正生态位构建能力正相关，意味着对环境具有较强正作用的有机体对维持有效生境起积极作用。

According to the habitat types, weed species can be induced into 5 species groups. In the edge habitat, species were almost perennials which can endure dankness. In abandoned habitat with debris, species were tall perennials of Compositae. In abandoned habitat with soil, species were almost annuals which can endure leanness. Short-lived species appeared in spring in the habitat with human disturbance taking no care of environment effects. Species which can endure trampling were prostrate perennials

林下—林缘型种组所包含的物种多是多年生耐阴湿物种；废弃空地型种组所包含的物种多是多年生菊科高茎草；废弃空地型所包含的物种多是一年生耐贫瘠物种，亦有草质藤本葎草；春季短寿命型种组所包含的物种多是冬季一年生物种，在春季短时间占据生境，不能很好地体现生境特征；耐践踏型种组所包含的物种多是多年生匍匐、耐践踏物种。

Having determined that the snail darter apparently lives only in that portion of the Little Tennessee River that would be completely inundated by the impoundment of the reservoir created as a consequence of the completion of the Tellico Dam, he declared that area as the snail darter's "critical habitat."

考虑到蜗牛镖明显只生活于小田纳西河的部分区域，而在泰利库大坝竣工后，此部分区域将被大坝所形成的水库完全淹没，内政部长宣布，此区域为蜗牛镖的"关键性栖息地（critical habitat。）"

First, select four kinds of main risks source from bigly celebrate the main risk in region source, namely the flood, drought, sand-dust weather and petroleum pollution accident, etc. According to the different a request for to habitat, study this 19 kinds of landscapes ecosystem type of the Regional induce for 7 kinds of ecosystems system: Then the marsh of bulrush, lakes and reservoirs , salt alkali wasteland, prairie, island form wood, farmland, town. The difference is proceeded by characteristic according to each type ecosystem to the analysis of four kinds of main risks source, including the certain risk all rate, delimiting the space distribute, analyzing the risk strength to the receptor etc. At proceed the revelation the different from endanger to analyze the inside, this text borrows ecosystem index number that this index sign to reflect primarily habitat the ecosystem meaning of the type of habitat the different from position, with weak an index number to show the destructibility of the habitat, from but compute each ecosystem that is lost by ecosystem system an index number.

首先，从大庆地区主要的风险源中遴选出四种主要的风险源，即洪涝、干旱、沙尘天气和石油污染等；依据不同生物类群对生境的要求，将本研究区域的19种景观生态类型归纳为7种生态系统：即芦苇沼泽、湖泡库渠、盐碱荒地、草甸草原、岛状林、农田、城镇；对四种主要风险源的进行分析，包括确定风险概率，划定空间分布，对风险受体的作用强度分析等；在进行暴露和危害分析中，本文主要借生态指数这一指标来反映不同生境类型的生态意义和地位，以脆弱度指数来体现不同生境的易损性，从而计算出各受体生态系统的生态损失度指数；由于各主要风险物质对风险受体的作用强度是不同的，对形成区域性生态风险的作用大小也有差异，因此本文采用层次分析法对主要生态风险物质进行综合评价，并把判断矩阵排序权值的合理计算问题归为—非线性化问题，并提出用基于遗传算法(GA[5])的层次分析模型进行权重分析；进行风险表征，即综合前面两个阶段的信息，对环境中风险的性质和强度以及风险评价过程中不确定性问题进行分析与描述，并划分出五级生态风险区；最后，根据划分的五级生态风险区的特征，分别提出针对各生态风险区的生态风险管理对策。

In the dissertation, the theory and application of monitoring the habitat of Locusta migratoria manilensis Meyen were studied on the basis of reviewing the present research on the fields of locust habitat, the theories and methods to monitor its change, and the related technologies. Processed MODIS, ETM+, ground and aerial survey data were used to monitor the habitat of Locusta migratoria manilensis Meyen in the Baiyangdian Lake. As a result, the method and process were brought forward to monitor the habitat of Locusta migratoria manilensis Meyen in the Baiyangdian Lake.

本文在综述以往对生境、蝗虫、监测和预警等的研究和运用的相关技术基础上，分析了东亚飞蝗的发生、发展与其生存环境的关系，提出了东亚飞蝗生境监测的理论；并以白洋淀蝗区为例，开展了运用多源数据（MODIS、ETM+、航摄数据和实地调查资料等）融合方法对东亚飞蝗生境进行监测的应用研究；最后，提出了白洋淀东亚飞蝗生境监测的模式。

Twenty-four sites were sampled over three different periods in three rivers of the plateau. At each site, a riffle and a pool were identified, in a stretch of about 100 m, as separate habitat units, and were sampled for fish and physical habitat. A preference index and logistic regression were used to determine the important habitat variables for each species.

分3个时期选择3条河流的24个地点进行取样，每个样点长100 m左右；分急流和回水湾两种生境类型作为独立的栖息地单元取样，据此观察研究对象和物理环境间的关系；用喜好指数和逻辑回归分析每种鱼重要栖息地是否稳定。

The thesis is organized into three parts: in the first part, through analysis of the ideal of habitat environment in the traditional culture, the central issues of the study -natural ecology and morphological ecology - are proposed; in the second part, through the theory of sustainable development and ecology, the typical cased in traditional habitat are evaluated from different standpoints, and sustainable development strategies of the traditional habitat environment in the aspects of natural ecology and morphological ecology are recapitulated; in the third part, with cases of the experimental practices nowadays in habitat environment, the possibility of the representation and development of the spirit in the traditional ideal habitat environment are finally presented.

本文的研究框架分为三个部分：第一部分通过对传统文化中反映的人居环境理想的分析，提出传统理想人居环境的研究核心——自然生态与形态生态；第二部分运用当今的可持续发展理论、生态学观点，多角度地评析了传统人居环境的典型案例，概括出传统人居环境在实现自然生态与形态生态两个方面所遵循的可持续发展的原则；第三部分从目前人居环境领域内的实验性探索切入，探索了传统的理想人居环境精华在当代再现并发展的可能性。

The habitat of an organism is the physical environment it is found in, for example, a temperate broad-leaved woodland.

有机体的栖息地(habitat，或译生境)是它所处的物理环境，例如，温带阔叶林。

At a certain range, habitat loss and its spatial structure can benefit the control of the epidemic disease, which indicates the possibility of using human disturbance in habitat as a potential epidemic-control method in conservation.(6) Not only the quantity of habitat loss but also the spatial correlations of patch types caused by nonrandom habitat loss affect the invasion and transmission of disease. More fragmented landscape (high amount of habitat loss, low clustering of lost patches) hinders the parasitic infection, which also indicates that whether the spatial heterogeneity benefits or hinders the invasion is dependent on the considered ecological process.(7) Two components of the spatial heterogeneity (the amount and spatial autocorrelation of the lost habitat) form a trade-off in determining the host-parasite dynamics.(8) Within a certain range of habitat loss, host can counterbalance the positive and negative effects, and shows a rising tendency.(9) The epidemic is more likely to break out in the prey-predator system if only a small amount of habitat loss.(10) A highly aggregated distribution of species is a common behavioral strategy when dealing with habitat loss or other environmental stresses.(11) The parasite-host/prey-predator eco-epidemiological systems have the similar mechanism with the intraguild predation systems, and the predator acts as the intraguild predation, the infected prey acts as intraguild prey, and the susceptible prey acts as shared resource.(12) Species at the highest trophic level are no longer affected the most by habitat loss, which depend not only on the biological mechanism but also on the external environmental disturbances.

随着邻体数目的增加，病毒的感染力度变得更大而且在空间上形成聚集的波形；(5)生境破坏及其空间结构在一定范围内有利于疾病的控制，这暗示人为对生境的干扰可作为疾病控制的一个潜在方法；(6)生境破坏的数量以及不同类型生境的空间分布格局都显著地影响了寄生病毒的入侵和传播，生境破碎化程度越高(高丧失斑块的数量或低聚集程度)，将越有害于病毒的入侵和传播，这暗示了空间异质性是否有益于物种的入侵依赖于所考虑的生态过程；(7)由生境破坏引起的空间异质性的两个组分之间存在负偶联关系trade-off(8在适度的生境破坏范围内，宿主种群能够平衡生境破坏带来的正负两种效应并呈现增长趋势；(9)在捕食-食饵系统中，寄生感染病毒极有可能在生境破坏量较低时爆发；(10)物种在面临生境破坏或者其它环境压力时表现出更高的聚集分布策略；(11)寄生-宿主/食饵-捕食生态传染病系统与共位捕食食物网结构具有相似的生物机制，其中捕食者扮演共位捕食者的角色，已感染食饵作为共位食饵，易感染食饵扮作共同消耗的资源；(12)位于最高营养级水平的种群对生境破坏的响应不一定是最敏感的，这不仅依赖于内在的生物机制同时也依赖于外在的环境干扰。

I use an example quoted by Hu Jiaqi:"It is reported that America separates the DNA of a kind of virus by making use of genetic technology and combines it with another kind of DNA. Finally, they get a kind of virulent biological agent called a "pyrotoxin". Someone discloses in private that 20 grams of such a kind of biological agent could result in the global death of 6 billion people due to infection."

我在这里例举胡家奇所引用过的例子："据报道，美国利用转基因技术，将一种病毒的DNA分离出来，与另外一种DNA进行结合，拼结成一种剧毒的"热毒素"生物战剂，且私下有人透露，这种生物战剂只需20克，就可以导致全球60亿人全部感染死亡。"

Waiting, for the queers and the coons and the Reds and the Jews.

等待着疯子和黑人还有红色共产主义者还有犹太人