查询词典 evolution

We thought that only an all-embracing study would answer our question reefs are general cradles of evolution, he says.

他说："我们认为，只有囊括一切的全面研究才可以回答我们提出的问题---礁石是不是一般生物计进化的摇篮。"

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

These DNA sequence changes might contribute to the rapid evolution of the newly formed allopolyploid and allow the divergent genomes to act in harmony.

杂种后代DNA序列的这种变化可能有利于新形成异源多倍体小麦的快速进化、遗传协调和遗传稳定性。

Immediately after admission, the 290 nm band has disappeared and evolution of bands in the range of the di-, tri-~nd tetraenylic ions proceeds, resulting in the same final spectral pattern as when starting from allyl alcohol.

入院后立即，在290纳米带已经消失和演化的乐队在二叔，三范围届tetraenylic离子的收益，在同样的最终结果光谱格局从丙醇时开始。

Compared with the model which considering alpha particle depositing its energy instantaneously into the plasma, the temporal evolution of plasma temperature and particle number density are calculated.

第二章导出了带电粒子在等离子体中慢化的能量变化率和阻止本领，以及两种拥有独立温度的带电粒子之间的能量交换率。

In a conclusion, there were a considerable proportion of relict and remnant elements which can be traced back to Mesozoic, and even Paleozoic, as well as typical ancient endemism. All of these fully showed evolutionary conservatism and phylogenetic antiquity of the Alsophila spinulosa community during the process of vegetation evolution.

由此可见，桫椤群落区系组成与起源年代都十分古老；与桫椤伴生的成分中存在较大比例的中生代甚至古生代的古老遗存物种，也明显表现出其在植被进化中的保守性和种系发生的古老性。

Researchers on alleged altruist behaviours among animals have been ideologically opposed to the social darwinist concept of the "survival of the fittest", under the name of "survival of the nicest"-the latter being globally compatible, however, with darwinist' theory of evolution.

研究人员据称altruist行为动物中已思想上反对社会darwinist概念"适者生存"的名义下"的最好的生存"，后者是全球兼容的，但是，随着darwinist '进化论。

Eco-man demonstrates an entirely new humanity in the environmental times. It im-plies that"self-identity"of man has transformed into"big ego" that includes both man and nature; it alsomeans that altruist sprits have extended not only to man's descendants,but also to other species of life in thenatural world. The changes of humanity demonstrated by eco-man in the environmental times are bound to re-sult in evolution of the values of law,such as security,equality and liberty.

生态人代表了人性在环境时代的一次全新展现，它意味着"自我"认同继续深化成为人与自然一体的"大我"，意味着利他精神不仅向后代人扩展，而且还超出了人类范畴而惠及到自然界内的其他生命物种——而生态人所代表的人性在环境时代的种种变化，必然最终带来了法的安全、平等和自由价值的变迁。

Compared with traditional numerical methods, the LB method has several important features, including: simplicity in algorithm, easily programming, direct calculation of pressure from a state equation and amenability to simulate all kinds of flow field with complex boundaries, it also has many advantages in the respect of parallel computation because of its regional evolution.

与传统的计算方法相比较，LB方法具有算法简单、编程容易、压力可以通过状态方程直接求解、能够模拟各种复杂边界的流场等优点，并且计算的局域性使其在并行计算方面也具有很大的优势。

Compared with traditional numerical methods such as the FEM, FDM, etc, the LB method has several important features, including: simplicity in algorithm, easily programming, direct calculation of pressure from a state equation and amenability to simulate all kinds of flow field with complex boundaries, it also has much advantage in the respect of parallel computation because of its regional evolution.

与传统的计算方法如FEM、FDM等相比，LB方法具有算法简单、编程容易、压力可以通过状态方程直接求解、能够模拟各种复杂边界的流场等优点，并且计算的局域性使其在并行计算方面也具有很大的优势。

Many will continue to choose to live in duality and in conflict.

许多人将继续选择活在二元对立性和冲突中。

I find that students of the University of Physical Education all wear sportswear at first sight.

我发现：体育大学的学生乍一看，都是穿运动衣，大家都一样