查询词典 countable subadditivity

Economic GRC is mainly to prevent from repeating construction and over competition, that is to make the social production cost smallest through restricting the competitors' entry and protect the monopoly market structure. This is because the natural monopoly industry has the characteristics of subadditivity.

政府的经济规制主要是对自然垄断产业的价格规制，也就是根据自然垄断成本次可加的特性，通过限制竞争者的进入维护产业的垄断结构，避免重复建设和过度竞争，使社会生产的成本尽量达到最低。

Instead, we should make separate judgment by subadditivity for different periods and different business structure, which can become the criteria on a strict or loose regulation.

结合管制理论，本文研究了历史上和现有的电信业管制制度实践，总结出电信业具有确立管制——放松管制——重建管制的发展变迁轨迹，并将其作为中国电信业管制制度选择的参考经验。

Firstly, on the basis of analysis for development of industrial organization theory, the paper analyzes natural monopoly for electricity industry respectively from produce rule and determinant method, studying measure methods for monopoly degree for electricity generation market, analyzing quantitatively for natural monopoly output on the terms of cost subadditivity and analyzing current market structure for Chinese electricity industry with "Structure-Conduct-Performance" method of industrial organization theory.

在分析产业组织理论的发展动态的基础上，首先分别从生产规律特点和自然垄断的判定方法对电力产业进行自然垄断分析，研究了发电市场的垄断度的度量方法，依据成本劣可加性的定义对电力产业的自然垄断产出进行量化分析；同时按照产业组织理论的"S-C-P方法"分析了目前中国电力产业的市场结构。

However, on condition of heavy-tailed distributions, VaR dissatisfies convexity and subadditivity, and cant measure market risk validly.

然而，在厚尾分布条件下，目前最常用的市场风险管理模型VaR不满足凸性和次可加性，不能有效地度量市场风险。

Chapter 4 uses empirical analysis to test the convexity and subadditivity of VaR, ES and TCE, and test the validity of VaR and ES by back test in China stock market.

第四章——市场风险度量的实证比较分析采用实证分析方法，以我国股票市场的历史数据为样本数据，对VaR、ES和TCE进行凸性和次可加性检验；通过返回检验对VaR和ES两种风险度量在我国股票市场的有效性进行实证检验。

As the evolution of economics, new classical economics has been grown for three stages in natural monopoly, and they are economics of scales, economics of scopes and subadditivity of costs in turn. We review and analyze these thoughts and theories about natural monopoly, and then forecast the trend of natural monopoly theory based on the new institute economics.

本文在对这些理论加以梳理、分析之后，借助新制度经济学的理论和分析工具，预测了自然垄断理论的发展趋势，那就是自然垄断成因由技术成本因素过度到交易成本因素，自然垄断形成机制是在经济学上的自增强机制以及交易成本约束下的一体化理论下完成的，这与先验性的决定自然垄断然后再在行政上加以规制是不同的。

VaR is an important measure of risk which has been extensively recognized in the areaof finance, but it is not a Coherent Measure of Risk by reason of lack of subadditivity.

VaR ( Value at Risk ，简称为VaR )是金融界广泛认同的重要的风险度量，但它不满足次可加性，不是一致性风险度量。

In the light that the existing trading cost leads to a total average cost U curve, the increasing demand results in a decline of sunk cost, the thesis identifies the subadditivity, works out the property of"limited competition", defines the meaning of"limited competition"and the economic characteristics of co-existing of private product and public product, monopoly and competition.

论文从交易成本存在导致基础设施产业的平均总成本呈U型曲线、市场需求增加导致沉淀成本减少的角度，论证了基础设施产业成本劣加性的淡化，建立了"有限竞争"的产业属性，界定了基础设施产业"有限竞争"的涵义及私人产品与公共产品并存、垄断与竞争并存的经济特征。

Proposed five ways on rate definition that use the economical principal as foundation and apply the marginal cost principal to discuss the rate system and its effect factors. Then we put forward the revise formula of the managing rate price of water resource that has the character of cost subadditivity.

接着进行了确定收费水平的原则的探讨，应用经济学原理，提出了制定收费价格的5种方法，用边际成本原理讨论收费体系及影响因素，最后提出了具有成本劣加性特点的水资源经营性收费价格的修正公式。

Subjective probabilities are complementary in binary case and subadditivity in general case.4 subjective probability judgment has unpacking effect and enhance effect.

主观概率在二元判断中表现出二元互补性，在多元判断中表现出次可加性；4。主观概率判断存在分解效应和促进效应。

I had a lovely dog named PiPi, he was one of my best friends.

我曾经有过一只小狗，它的名字叫皮皮，它很善良，它是我最忠实的朋友。

Newly ovulated mouse oocytes were cultured in the CZB medium supplemented with different concentrations of pyruvate before treated for activation or assayed for MPF activity.

我们猜测卵母细胞在不含丙酮酸的条件下老化的更快，并且卵丘细胞可能通过消耗不含葡萄糖的CZB中的丙酮酸从而促进卵母细胞老化。