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According to the energy conservation theory, BOM and CSIM4 were coupled. The BOM has no treatment on transmission solar radiation, which is of great importance when the model is adapted to Arctic Ocean. So the treatment was introduced to BOM. Through numerical test on different lead albedos, it was found that sea ice thickness is not so sensitive to lead albedo, which may be contribute to the lead occupies little ratio within multiyear sea ice pack. The reason of summer over-melt of arctic sea ice is the NCEP reanalysis downward solar radiation being larger than its reality. Then the arctic sea ice climate variability was simulated. Results showed that: simulated ice thickness change is in accord with the submarine investigated mean sea-ice draft changes. Simulated annually maximum ice thickness along the Eurasian continental oceans are closely related to the observed ones. The long-term mean simulated ice motion has the same features of the SSM/I derived ice motion. Sea ice extents in differential sub-regions have same trends comparing to the satellite passive-microwave data derived ones. Simulated ice concentration is closely related to the observed in the Arctic sub-regions. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait involves ice concentration, motion and thickness. It is a composite criterion for sea ice model evaluation. The simulated ice area and volume export through the strait accord with the satellite derived or statistically reconstructed ones.(5) The simulated ice thickness climate variability and mean sea surface current of the coupled model were analyzed, results showed: the total ice volume in the Arctic Ocean has a significant decreasing trend. The volume variability is of a 10-year timescale oscillation, with two major periods of 12-13a and 18-20a. Mean ice thickness in the arctic sub-seas has different tendencies. It has an increasing trend in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, and decreasing in the others. The characteristic time scale of 7-10a wherein the river discharges leads the Fram Strait ice volume export is about the period that river water takes to be conveyed across the Arctic Ocean.(6) Using the simulated ice distribution in the Arctic Ocean and China precipitation, air temperature and SST in tropical key regions, the climate teleconnection were studied. Result showed: When the mean sea ice thickness is large in the central Arctic Ocean and Chukchi-Beaufort Sea , and small in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea , the precipitation in South China, Tibetan Plateau, and the north part of Northeastern China are always smaller than normal, and v. v. When the mean ice thickness is small in CA, BC, East Siberian Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea , and large in BL, The air temperature in north-eastern China, the southern of Tibetan Plateau, and Hainan Island, are always lower than normal, and v. v. In addition, when the sea ice is thick in BC and BL, the SST is larger in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, and is smaller in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean.

由于BOM没有考虑透射太阳辐射的物理过程，研究表明透射太阳辐射对北冰洋的能量收支起到重要作用，因此在BOM模式中引入了对透射太阳辐射的处理；通过对不同水道反照率的数值试验表明海冰厚度对水道反照率的敏感性不强，可能与海冰区水道面积占的比率很小有关；而模式模拟的北极海冰夏季&过度融化&主要源于NCEP再分析资料提供了偏大的太阳短波辐射；对北极海冰的气候变率进行了模拟研究，结果表明：模拟的海冰厚度变化与潜艇探测的海冰吃深度变化具有一致性；模拟和观测的亚欧大陆沿海的年内最大海冰厚度有很好的相关；模拟的海冰移速与长期平均的卫星反演的海冰移速具有相同的速度分布特征；模拟的各个海区海冰面积的变化趋势与卫星反演资料分析的结果基本一致；模拟与观测的主要海洋分区的海冰密集度具有很好的相关：弗瑞姆海峡的海冰体积和面积的输送涉及到海冰密集度、厚度和移动速度，是判断模式模拟能力的一个综合的指标，模式模拟的结果与卫星反演或重建的面积输送、体积输送具有很好的一致性；(5)分析了模拟的北极海冰厚度的气候变率及气候平均表层海流场，结果表明：北极海冰的总体积有显著减少的趋势，北极海冰总体积的变化具有10a际尺度振荡的特点，存在18-20a和12-13a两个主周期；北极海冰的平均厚度在各个海区的变化趋势不同，在巴伦支—喀拉海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海地区海冰厚度有显著的增加趋势，而其它海区存在减少的趋势；通过对模拟的气候平均表层海流的分析表明，北极河流流量超前弗瑞姆海峡海冰流量7-10年的特征时间尺度与表层海流的气候分布存在着必然联系：(6)利用模拟结果以及中国降水、气温和热带关键区SST资料，讨论了北极各海区海冰平均厚度与中国降水、气温以及热带关键区SST的关系，结果表明：在北极中心海区和楚科奇—波弗特海海冰厚度偏大，在巴伦支—喀拉海以及巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏小，则中国降水在华南地区、青藏高原和东北北部降水偏少，反之相反；在北极中心海区、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇—波弗特海以及格陵兰海海冰厚度偏小，在巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大，则在中国东北地区、高原南部地区和海南岛附近气温偏低，反之相反；另外，北极楚科奇—波弗特海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大时，在热带中东太平洋海温偏高，而在热带东南印度洋海温偏低。

From the analysis of the magnetic susceptibility,TOC,TN,pigment,organic car-bon isotope ,HI,saturated hydrocarbon and 14C dating etc. of the sediment samples from coresof two boreholes in the Taihu lake,a knowledge of the evolution of paleoenvironment of thelake during the last 14ka is achieved. The results show that the lake has undergone the fol-lowing stages .. The Lake was at a low level ,or even became exposed during 14.3-13.3kaBP,reflecting an arid climate. There existed a transitional stage during 13.3-12.4kaBP,the climate being slightly warm and wet. There are indications of a cold and dry climate around 11.5kaBP,probably corresponding to the Younger Drays event ,comparable with other areas in east China.

本文根据东西太湖短柱岩芯的沉积物的物理、化学、生物指标的综合分析，讨论了该区距今14ka来的古气候变化过程，结果表明14.3-13.3kaBP，太湖水位低，环境指标甚至表现为暴露特征，反映了气候干旱：13.3-12.4kaBP，为偏暖湿的过渡阶段；该孔柱270-280cm(11.5kaBP左右)各类指标均明显更映冷干特征，可能是Younger Drays事件的记录，与我国东部其它地区有可比性；约10.9-10kaBP，这一时期是整个研究时段内一个较显著的温暖期。

The results showed that obvious interdecadal variability of summer temperature was found,which was relevant to interdecadal variability of atmospheric circulation over the Asia.It also indicated that the important reason of summer temperature anomaly might be interdecadal variability of climate in Northern China.The circulation in mid-latitudes and high-latitudes in summer of 2003 took on two troughs and ridges,which was contrary to climate state of recent decades.The signs of climate shift were foreshowed in 2003 according to the characteristics of interdecadal variability.

结果表明：中国夏季气温变化有明显的年代际特征，这一特征与亚洲上空大气环流的年代际变化紧密相关，表明我国北方地区夏季气温异常一个很重要的原因或许是缘于气候年代际变化。2003年夏季中高纬环流形势呈两槽两脊的配置，与近十几年气候态分布刚好相反，因而从气候年代际变化的特征来看，2003年为预示年代际气候转型的征兆。

The dimensions used to measure business performance are: strategic business performance, service process improvement, service capacity, and employee satisfaction. The results indicate that CRM climate has significantly impact both on relationship quality and business performance. Among the CRM climate components, the organization management mechanism/HRM and the application domain of IT/IS play the main role in influencing the relationship quality and business performance. The link between organization management mechanism/HRM and trust is particularly strong. There also exists a prediction model between trust and business performance. It implies that trust is a very likely intermediating factor between CRM climate and business performance.

本研究除探讨CRM气候对关系品质、组织绩效之影响关系外，更以关系品质为组织绩效之预测变数；而研究结果发现：（1）CRM气候会正向影响关系品质、组织绩效，而关系品质亦会正向影响组织绩效，表示落实CRM气候确实能协助企业改善关系品质、提升组织绩效；（2）主要影响关系品质与组织绩效的CRM气候构面为「组织制度与人事」以及「资讯应用」（3）CRM气候会正向影响「信任」，且以「组织制度与人事」的解释能力最大；同时，「信任」亦正向影响整体组织绩效，显示「信任」为重要之关系品质因素。

The whole situation of high potential North-South low, terrain divided into three parts: the northern high mountains, 30-7300 m above sea level, climate cold, snow and ice covered mountains, sparsely populated, lower slopes have dense forest; Central Valley region, 90-300 m above sea level, mild climate, the annual The average rainfall is 760-200 mm, is the major crop-producing areas of Bhutan; the southern mountain region, hot and humid climate, the annual rainfall of up to 50-60 mm in the mountains dense jungle.

全境地势北高南低，地形分三部分：北部为高山区，海拔30—7300米，气候严寒，山峰覆盖冰雪，人烟稀少，较低的山坡有茂密的森林；中部河谷地区，海拔90—300米，气候温和，年平均降雨量760—200毫米，是不丹主要农作物产区；南部山地区，气候湿热，年降雨量可达50—60毫米，山上丛林密布。

Historical climate change do harm to the economy mainly by the abrupt change of climate and the quasi-periodic wave of climate on 101-102a scale.

历史气候变化对经济发展不良的事件主要是气候突变和气候在101-102a尺度上的准周期波动。

Internal variations of the climate system, e.g., changes in the abundance of greenhouse gases, also may produce fluctuations of sufficient magnitude and variability to explain observed climate change through the feedback processes interrelating the components of the climate system.

内在气候系统的改变，如温室气体的浓度变化，也会产生足够强度和变异的波动，用以解释所观察的回鐀过程与气候构成要件间相互作用所造成的气候变迁。

Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) and new wetness index were both calculated and analyzed according to Penman-Monteith scheme recommended by FAO with routine meteorological data from 616 weather stations in China from 1975 to 2004. In terms of grades of wetness index from Chinese Climate Classification Criterion, China is classified into severe arid, arid, semi-arid, semi-humid and humid zones, respectively, which are compared with the demarcations from rainfall-based indices in order to reveal the similarity and difference in association with the two schemes under current global climate warming. Besides, the spatio-temporal analysis of climate wetness over the country in the past thirty years was performed.

依据中国616个地面气象台站1975年至2004年的日气象资料，利用联合国粮农组织推荐的参考蒸散计算方法，计算参考作物蒸散（ET0）和湿润指数，按照中国气候区划中的干湿指标把中国分为极干旱、干旱、半干旱、半湿润和湿润气候区，并与传统的降水量干湿指标进行对比，揭示在全球气候变化下两种干湿指标的异同，最后对中国近30 a干湿状况进行时空分析。

Based on the results simulated by PRECIS (Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies), which is developed in the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, changes of surface air temperature and precipitation under SRES B2 scenario in South China during 2071~2100 are analyzed. It is shown that, compared to baseline (1961~1990), surface air temperature in 2071~2100 would increase by 2~4℃, precipitation in summer would increase in the north part to 22°N, while the precipitation in winter would decrease in the whole areas of South China. The climate trend of the surface air temperature would be positive, however the climate trend of the precipitation would be negative, the occurrence frequency of extremely high temperature events and extremely heavy precipitation events would increase.

利用英国Hadley气候预测和研究中心的区域气候模式系统PRECIS，模拟分析基于政府间气候变化专门委员会 2000年发布的《排放情景特别报告》中设计的B2情景下华南区域2071~2100年的温度和降水量的可能变化，结果显示：2071~2100年均地面温度相对于气候基准时段（1961~1990年）上升约2~4℃；华南区域未来夏季降水量在22°N以北区域较气候基准时段增加，而以南区域减少；冬季降水则表现为华南区域较气候基准时段减少。2071~2100年华南区域的温度气候趋势系数为正值，年均降水气候趋势系数为负值。2071~2100年的高温事件和强降水事件的发生频率均比气候基准时段明显增加。

P in Shule River Alluvial Fan Oasis in Gansu subsidized by CNSF. Through field geological and environmental observations and sampling, quartz OSL dating, organic carbon ~(14)C dating, as well as analysis of TOC,grain size and Pollen assemblage of the samples from ten sediment profiles in front fine grain sediment zone of the Shule River Fan, the results obtained as follows:(1)The vegetation evolution history on Shule River Alluvial Fan and circumjacent since about 13 ka B.P. could be divided into 6 phases: about 12.1-13.1ka, a sparse coniferous and broadleaf trees - shrub grassland, cold and wet climate; 9.2-12.1ka, shrub grassland, temperature rising but precipitation and humidity getting down; 5.8-9.2ka, sparse forest with the most flourish shrub grassland under the optimal climate; 4.3-5.8ka, coniferous and broadleaf mixed forests -shrub grassland, temperature rising slightly and getting dry; 4.3-2.8ka, grass vegetation and climate became more dry; 2.8-2.3ka, coniferous forests -shrub grassland, precipitation and temperature getting down, but a higher relative humidity.

本文依托于&甘肃疏勒河冲积扇5万年来古天气环境与古水文演化&项目，以疏勒河冲积扇为研究对象，通过对疏勒河冲积扇扇缘细土带全新世古天气和古水文演变进行了20余个剖面的观测和取样、石英OSL和~(14)C测年、粒度组成和TOC分析以及孢粉鉴定，获得了以下成果和熟悉：(1)距今约13ka年来冲积扇和周边植被演化经历了6个阶段：约13.1～12.1ka，以针叶林为主的针阔混交林～灌丛草原，天气冷湿；12.1～9.2ka，灌丛草原，气温升高，降水量较低；9.2～5.8ka，疏林灌木草原，植被茂盛，温度和降水最佳；5.8～4.3ka，以针叶树为主的针阔混交林～灌丛草原，气温较高，降水减少；4.3～2.8ka，草原植被，天气变干；2.8～2.3ka，针叶林～灌木草原，降水减少，温度降低，相对湿度有所增加。

As a dominant party,CPC government should play a guardian,supervisee and guarantee role to overcome all the difficulties in the development of charitable cause and bring it into full play in the establishment of harmonious society on policies and regulations basis.

在中国共产党的文献中第一次把发展慈善事业提到&最广泛最充分地调动一切积极因素，不断提高构建社会主义和谐社会的能力&的高度来认识。近年来，社会学界对慈善事业的理论专著发表较多，有鉴于此，笔者不揣浅陋，谈谈自己的认识和见解。

Flow through the land, the land of the scale of operation allows the effectiveness of the land may be raised.

通过土地的流转，土地的规模经营可以让土地的效益得到提升。