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And the probability can be approximated by the empirical distribution function evaluated at , an estimator of is given by

概率 可以由经验分布函数在处求值而近似得到，对的估算由以下公式给出

Equivalently, the distribution function of the exceedances can be approximated by .

同样地，超过的分布函数可以由近似得到。

The results showed that the SCE value detected in the exposer in first year approximated to that of the second year, and both were significantly higher than that of normal controls.

本文在两年内观察了长期接触化学致癌物的肿瘤研究室工作人员以下简称接触者

From two sets of field test data, i.e., the instantaneous voltage versus current curves under different loading conditions, the hysteresis loops can be approximated to any desired degree of accuracy through a supervised training session.

从二种不同额定下所得的电压、电流瞬时值，透过监督式学习的过程，可以获得精确的变压器磁滞回路模型。

Most of the Jesuit colleges approximated modern prep schools, but some were full fledged universities.

大部分的耶稣会学院近似现代预备学校，但有些是正式的大学。

A systematic study on computing the integral curvature line on NURBS surface is presented. Discrete normal is used to simplify calculation of the second fundamental form of the surface, resulting in accelerating the Euler iteration process in solving the differential equation of curvature line. Discrete points on the curvature line are then obtained and approximated by an explicitly presented B-spline curve on the NURBS surface using singular mixed interpolation and capable of controlling the error within a given tolerance.

对NURBS曲面的曲率线的积分进行了系统的公式推导，并利用NURBS曲面的离散法向量有效地简化了曲面第二基本量的计算，加速了Euler法迭代求解曲率线微分方程的过程；在求得曲率线上的离散点集以后，应用奇异混合插值技术，在可控精度内把曲率线用显式直接表示为位于NURBS曲面上的B样条曲线。

The distribution of the transform domain data is analysed, and it is approximated by Gaussian distribution.

该方法对直扩通信系统接收信号变换域数据的分布特点进行了分析，并采用高斯分布对其作了近似。

Since an analytic function can be arbitrary approximated by a polynomial, the provided methods can be applied to robust stability analysis of polynomial family with general non-linear perturbation parameters.

由于非线性解析函数可用多项式任意逼近，故该方法也可用于具有一般非线性参数摄动的多项式族的鲁棒稳定性分析。

First, each shape is represented by the eigenvectors of an appropriately defined affinity matrix based on approximated geodesic distance, forming a spectral embedding which achieves normalization against rigid-body transformations, uniform scaling, and shape articulation (i.e., pose changing). This procedure is called the pose-oblivious transform.

首先，针对每一个形状都基于谱嵌入的方法求得其相应的谱嵌入表示，这里的谱嵌入是基于以近似测地距离为基础构造出的仿射矩阵的特征向量得到的，这一过程称为姿态无关变换，经过这一变换，模型的形状的描述符就具备了刚体变换不变、均匀缩放不变和姿态无关的特性。

RCS of facetsof targets coated RAM was resolved by combining Impedance Boundary Condition and Geometric Optics and RCS of those edges were approximated by computing the RCS of edges of impedance wedge through Method of Equivalent Currents.

其中，涂覆目标面元的散射场是通过结合阻抗边界条件和几何光学法而得到；而涂覆目标棱边的散射场则是通过等效电磁流法求解阻抗劈的边缘绕射场近似得到的。

The system can be widely used in belt weighing and batching process control,etc.

介绍了基于智能模糊控制的嵌入式配料系统的设计方法，对模糊PID控制过程和系统调零作了重点的讨论，同时给出了PID控制的程序流程图和系统定长调零子程序。

"I dunno," she answered,"but if you show me aroun', I'll recognize it from the lighthouse just outside the porthole."

"我不知道，"她回答说，"如果你能带我转转，我能认出来的，因为灯塔就在舷窗外。"