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An engine cyclic variation model has been built by using the residual gas temperature for the n-th cycle as the input of the model, through constant pressure intake process, adiabatic compression process, constant volume combustion process, adiabatic expansion process, adiabatic blow down process and constant pressure exhaust process to approximate the thermodynamic processes in the cylinder, finally the residual gas temperature for the (n+1)-th cycle can be estimated.

基于循环间变动的排气温度建立了一个发动机循环变动模型。在这个模型中，第n个循环的排气温度作为模型的输入，通过定压进气过程、绝热压缩过程、定容燃烧过程、绝热膨胀过程、定容放热过程和定压排气过程来近似汽缸内的热力学过程，最后得出第n+1个循环的排气温度。

The characteristic approximation is used to handle the convection part along the direc-tion of fluid namely characteristic direction to ensure the high stability of the method in approximating the sharp fronts and reduce the numerical diffusion; The mixed finite element spatial approximation is employed to deal with diffusion part and approximate the scalar unknown and the adjoint vector function optimally and simultaneously; In order to preserve the integral conservation of the method, we introduce the modified characteristic method.

该方法对方程的对流部分沿流体流动的方向即特征方向离散以保证格式在流动的锋线前沿逼近的高稳定性，消除数值弥散现象；对方程的扩散部分采用最低次混合有限元方法离散、同时以高精度逼近未知函数及未知函数的梯度；为保证方法的整体守恒性，在格式中引入修正项。

The base principal in controlling method is madding aerodynamic force acting on transmission line changed into approximate balance state.

此方法的基本原理是：使作用在输电线上的气动力近似地成为平衡力系，从而控制输电线舞动。

The base principal in controlling method is madding aerodynamic force acting an transmission line changed into approximate balance state.

此方法的基本原理是：使作用在输电线上的气动力近似地成为平衡力系，从而控制输电线舞动。

Aiming at the strong coupling characteristic during the multi-disciplinary optimization process of hypersonic aerocraft, in order to reduce computing time and increase the feasibility of optimization process, this paper adopted the approximate method to build the responding model between disciplines, In this paper, under the condition of ensuring the engine stable and high efficient , the designing work also consider the whole aerocraft performance sufficiently from the effect of forebody and afterbody.

针对高超音速飞行器多学科设计优化过程中的强耦合特性，为了减少计算时间，提高优化过程的可行性，采用近似的方法来建立学科之间的响应模型，以此来减少每次迭代时所用的大量计算时间。

AIP publishes approximate 200 various new books every year.

每年出版近200种新书。

Both viscous damping and air drag force must be introduced into the dynamic models. The experiment is carried out in the single-axis air-bearing test bed according to the experiment scheme in chapter 3. The results demonstrate the validity of the developed model, while the conventional zero-order approximate approach could lead to bad results for some high speed cases.

结果表明了传统零次近似方法在某些条件下已不能正确描述柔性体的刚柔耦合动力学性质，而一次近似的刚柔耦合动力学模型得到的结果与实验相符，从而证实了一次近似耦合模型的正确性和可靠性。

The approximate date of airing is Winter 2007, and there will be 13 episodes.

预计的播映时间定在2007年冬天，将会有13集。

This seems to approximate the views of Alexandrian Mysticism.

这似乎近似的看法亚历山大神秘主义。

An implicit Curve reconstruction method is proposed which represents the curve with all algebraic tensor-product B-spline,and minimizes the tension ofthe B-spline and the approximate geometric distance between the curve and the point set.

提出一种以代数张量积样条曲线作为几何表示形式，基于近似几何误差和薄板能量极小化的隐式重构模型。

Next time I see you,I shall give you a black eye.

下次我看见你，我会打你一顿。

In this paper,design scheme of classification system of wood surface color is established.

提出了木质板材颜色分类的系统设计方案。