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The methods based on dualism are: the argument of analogy, hypothesis-deduce, cloud chamber imprint analogy, etc; while the methods based on monism are: logical behaviorism,being of Strawson, methological behaviorism, physicalism, etc. Since the 20 century, concerning the other minds problem, certain important achievements and empirical material were offered along with the great development made by modern scientific technology (esp. the Neurobiology, cognitive neuroscience,and the measuring and testing techniques of brain), the knowledge combination and intersecting cooperation research done by philosophers and biological scientists.
对于他心问题的解决方案，建立在二元论基础上的方法有：类比法，假说—演绎证明与"云室"痕迹类比等；建立在一元论基础上的方法有：分析行为主义，斯特劳森的人论，心理学行为主义，物理主义等。20世纪以来，随着现当代科学技术（尤其是神经生物学、认知神经科学和大脑测试技术等）的深入发展，哲学家与生命科学家的知识联姻和交叉合作研究，提供了关于他心问题的若干重要成果和实证资料。
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The defense of nominalism undertaken by the 14th-century English Scholastic philosopher William of Ockham prepared the way for various modern nominalistic theories such as those of instrumentalism, pragmatism, semantics, and logical positivism.
国防部的唯名论所进行的14世纪英语学校哲学家奥卡姆的威廉准备的方式为各种现代唯名论的理论，如工具，务实，语义，和逻辑实证。
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The idea means firstly that Bergson is a rigorous philosopher of science;Secondly,this idea guides the philosopher to'retour aux faits',and then to walk to a'positive metaphysics'which demands a method of intuition and against the system in philosophy.
这种理念首先表现在柏格森是一个严谨的科学哲学家；其次，它引导着柏格森&回到事实本身&，并由此在哲学上走向一种&实证的形而上学&。它表现为以直觉为方法和反体系的总体特征。
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The former would not investigate what aesthetic fashions and activities there were but analyze what Confucius and Zhuangzi once said, that is, to discover the selfconscious levels of aesthetic ideas in the time in question through the study of ancient books, in other words, to validate the logical levels of aesthetic ideals in the society in question displayed in the theories by ancient philosophers. The later would not pay much attention to the sayings and writings by them but emphatically analyze the shapes and lines of potteries and the styles of calligraphy and brush drawings and the lines and manufacture of bronze utensils, that is, to realistically reveal the types of material configurations in which the aesthetic activities in a time embodied, in other words, to demonstrate in a descriptive way the artistic effects that the aesthetic experiences in a time could make.
前者不去考察先秦时代究竟存在着哪些审美风尚和审美活动，而旨在分析孔子说过什么，庄子说过什么，即要从古代文献的字里行间中发现那个时代的审美观念究竟达到了何种自觉的程度，即要从古代哲人的理论表述中确认那个社会的审美理想究竟达到了什么样的逻辑水准；后者则不太关心思想家、哲学家的言论和著作，而着重分析陶器的形状、书画的风格、青铜器的线条与制作，即要从实证的角度发现一个时代的审美活动究竟体现为何种类型的物质形态，即要以描述的方式来证实一个社会的审美经验究竟凝结为什么样式的艺术成果。
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logical empiricism：逻辑经验论
在美国,他们的见解,最初被称为:"逻辑实证论"(Logical positivism),後来和"实效主义"(Pragmatism)合流,又称为"逻辑经验论"(Logical empiricism). 不到几年,各先进国家的重要学派如柏林科学哲学家、华沙学派、剑桥学派、美国的实效主义论、新实在论、运作论等等,
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logical positivism：逻辑实证论
在美国,他们的见解,最初被称为:"逻辑实证论"(Logical positivism),後来和"实效主义"(Pragmatism)合流,又称为"逻辑经验论"(Logical empiricism). 不到几年,各先进国家的重要学派如柏林科学哲学家、华沙学派、剑桥学派、美国的实效主义论、新实在论、运作论等等,
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positivism：实证论/实证主义
Comtism 孔德哲学, 实证哲学 单词词性>[哲](法国哲学家孔德的)实证哲学,实证论,实证主义( positivism)
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positivist：实证哲学家
positivism 确定 | positivist 实证哲学家 | positivity 积极性
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positivist：实证主义者,实证哲学家
constructivist 构成派成员 | positivist 实证主义者,实证哲学家 | reservist 后备军人,在乡军人
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fraunhofer：夫朗和斐
1835年,实证哲学家康特(Comte)如下所说,否定了探测太阳或其他天体化学成分的可能性:太阳可见光谱内的许多暗线,是1802年华勒斯顿(Wollaston)发现的,几年后夫朗和斐(Fraunhofer)又发现了更多,因此称为「夫朗和斐线」.