commutative contract
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Chapter Two illustrates the nature of the international guarantee.At first,the writer analyses the meaning of collateral nature and its theoretical basis.Thewriter points out that in order to reinforce the protection of the guarantor'sinterest,the guarantee is located as collateral guarantee in all countries'traditional legislation.In other words,the validity of the guarantee contract isdetermined by the underlying contract,i.e.if the underlying contract isestablished,the guarantee contract is established,too;if the underlying contract isvalid,and the guarantee contract is valid too.It is true,otherwise.But thedoctrine of autonomy of private law dominates the civil law and commercial lawin all the countries,so the parties are permitted to alter the collateral nature of theguarantee by an agreement under the related laws worldwide.so the collateralnature of the guarantee is not the compulsory nature of the law.This lays a solidfoundation for the emerging of the independent guarantee.The writer thenanalyses the meaning of independence and the cause of the booming of theindependent guarantee.In fact,the independent guarantee was originated fromthe change of the collateral nature by the parties contract.As a result,the validityof the contract of independent guarantee is not determined by the underlyingcontract as the collateral guarantee,But the validity of the independent guaranteecontract is independent from the underlying contract,the establishment and thevalidity of the contract of independent guarantee are not subjected to theunderlying contract.
第二章对国际信用担保的法律属性进行了论述,首先分析了从属性的含义及其理论基础,指出虽然各国传统立法为了加强对保证人利益的保护,都将信用担保定位于从属保证,即保证合同的效力取决于主合同的效力,主合同成立,保证合同也成立,主合同生效,保证合同也生效;主合同不成立,保证合同也不成立,主合同不生效,保证合同也不生效,但是由于私法自治的精神主导着各国的民商法领域,各国立法都允许当事人通过合同约定对信用担保的从属性进行改变,所以保证的从属性从来就不是信用担保制度的法律强制属性,这也为独立保证制度的出现奠定了制度前提;其次分析了独立性的含义以及独立保证兴起的原因,独立保证实际上就是当事人通过合同约定对保证从属性的改变,使独立保证合同的效力不再象从属保证合同的效力那样取决于主合同的效力,而是使独立保证合同的效力独立于主合同的效力,独立保证合同成立不因主合同的不成立而受影响,也不因主合同的无效而无效。
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The number of polynomial function over a finite commutative ring. This paper is on the basis of the research for the first question.With the structure of finite commutative ring,we know that a finite commutative ring can be expressed by direct sum of some finite commutative local rings.
本文主要基于对问题一的研究,并由有限交换环的构造可以知道,有限交换环可以由一些有限交换局部环的直和表示,于是就将问题简化到对有限交换局部环上多项式的判定。
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Besides having a some insight into theinternal structure of operator algebras,it gives a greatimpetus to the development of modern mathematics towords thenon-commutative direction,especially to the developement ofnon-commutative geometry,non-commutative algebraical topologyas well as non-commutative algebraical geometry.
除了反映算子代数自身的内在性质之外,它还对于现代数学朝着非交换的方向发展起着积极的推动作用,特别对于&非交换微分几何&,&非交换的代数拓朴&,甚至&非交换的代数几何&等非交换的数学学科的发展具有重要的影响。
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commutative contract:可替换合同
不要因合同:non-causative contract | 可替换合同:commutative contract | 独立合同:independent contract
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commutative contract:等价交易合同
Common stock 普通股 | Commutative contract 等价交易合同 | Company Account Code 公司帐号编码
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commutative contract and independent contract:(可替换合同与独立合同)
causative contract and non-causative contract (要因合同与不要因合同... | commutative contract and independent contract (可替换合同与独立合同) | express contract and implied contract (明示合同与隐含合同...