卵
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Oogonium develops into early oocyte in the ovary, and then the oocyte leaves the ovary for the coelomic fluid in the form of single cell or cell mass followed by the rapid separation of the group of oocytes into individual ones. Oocyte enters into the nephridium after its maturation. The rupture of germinal vesicle marks the oocyte maturation. Oocyte in the coelom does not have follicle membrane and vitelline membrane is formed and developed by the oocyte itself. Smaller oocyte (0μm in diameter) is round, and larger ones (≥60μm in diameter) is ovate. The short and long diameters of a morphologically mature oocyte are about 115—120μm and 140—145μm respectively, and the vitelline membrane is 7—9μm thick.
卵原细胞在卵巢中发育至早期卵母细胞时期单个或成团脱离卵巢入体腔液中，卵母细胞团细胞很快分离为单个细胞；卵母细胞在体腔液中发育成熟后进入肾管；生发泡破裂是卵母细胞成熟的标志；体腔中卵母细胞无滤泡膜，卵黄膜的形成与发育靠卵母细胞本身；卵径小于60μm的卵母细胞呈圆形，卵径大于60μm 的卵母细胞为卵圆形，形态上成熟的卵母细胞短径约115—120μm、长径约140—145μm、卵黄膜厚7—9μm。
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The oogenesis of P. esculenta can be divided into the following phases in morphological characteristics of oogonium and oocyte development: the proliferative phase of oogonium (0μm in diameter), the initial growth phase of oocyte (10—20μm in diameter), the grand growth phase-Ⅰof oocyte (20—60μm in diameter), the grand growth phase-II of oocyte (60μm×70μm to 120μm×145μm in size), the mature phase of oocyte, and the declining phase, showing a dynamic changes in oogenesis of P. esculenta .
以卵原细胞与卵母细胞发育的形态学特征为依据，将可口革囊星虫的卵子发生过程划分为：卵原细胞增殖期(卵径0μm)、卵母细胞小生长期(卵径10—20μm)、卵母细胞大生长期Ⅰ(卵径20—60μm)、卵母细胞大生长期Ⅱ[大小为(60μm×70μm)—(120μm×145μm)]、卵母细胞成熟期及退化期6 个阶段，反映了可口革囊星虫卵子发生过程的动态变化。
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Hormone level in maturation medium affected cumulus expansion of COC, but cumulus expansion became less dependent on hormone level with time of culture. Porcine immatured oocytes, granulosa cells from small antral follicles and cumulus cells of immatured oocytes secreted cumulus-expansion enabling factors. Granulosa cells from 3-6mm follicles did not produce CEEF, but there was some CEEF in the follicular fluid of this sized follicles.
激素水平对卵丘扩展有影响，但随培养时间的延长，对激素的要求有逐步减少的趋势；猪卵丘扩展不依赖于卵母细胞，卵母细胞核成熟也与卵丘扩展无关；GV期卵母细胞、小腔卵泡内颗粒细胞和成熟卵的卵丘细胞都有较高的分泌CEEF能力；3-6mm卵泡的壁颗粒细胞不能分泌CEEF，但3—6mm卵泡的卵泡液中有CEEF。
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Hormone level in maturation medium affected cumulus expansion of COC,but cumulusexpansion became less dependent on hormone level with time of culture.Porcine immaturedoocytes,granulosa cells from small antral follicles and cumulus cells of immatured oocytessecreted cumulus-expansion enabling factors.Granulosa cells from 3-6mm follicles did notproduce CEEF,but there was some CEEF in the follicular fluid of this sized follicles.Sun xingshen, Animal Histology and Embryology
激素水平对卵丘扩展有影响，但随培养时间的延长，对激素的要求有逐步减少的趋势；猪卵丘扩展不依赖于卵母细胞，卵母细胞核成熟也与卵丘扩展无关；GV期卵母细胞、小腔卵泡内颗粒细胞和成熟卵的卵丘细胞都有较高的分泌CEEF能力；3-6mm卵泡的壁颗粒细胞不能分泌CEEF，但3-6mm卵泡的卵泡液中有CEEF。
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Our study includes four aspects. In the first aspect we study several important conditions of porcine oocytes maturation in vitro and oocytes cleavage after parthenogenetic activation and found mNCSU-23+15IU/mlPMSG+20IU/mlHCG+15% PFF+0.57mMcysteine is a good culture condition .When the Cocs are cultured in it ,the maturation rate and oocytes cleavage rate are higher than those of foreign covered. Our result are (86.7±3.35)% and (86.3±4.16)% and the highest report of foreign is(85.7±4.1)%.In the second aspect we study the effect of different chemical activations on development of porcine parthennogenetic embryo and found two best activation method. The first one is that putting the maturation MII oocytes in the 20μmol/L ionomycin for 30 minutes and then putting them in the NCSU-23 condition containing 5μg/mICB and 5mM/L6-DMAP for 3.5 hours, the oocytes cleavage rate and morulae/blastocysts development rate are (76.7±7.6)% and (37.1±6.4)%.The second one is that putting the maturation MII oocytes in the 200μM/L Thimerosal for 20 minutes and then putting them in the NCSU-23 condition containing 8mM DTT for 30 minutes
本研究分为4个部分，第一部分对影响猪卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌激活后胚胎分裂的几个重要条件进行了比较研究，确立了一种较好的培养方法：与颗粒细胞共培养，找到了一种适合猪卵母细胞体外成熟的培养基：mNCSU-23+15IU/mlPMSG+20IU/mlHCG+15%PFF+0.57mM半胱氨酸，成熟率和分裂率分别为(86.7±3.35)%和(86.3±4.16)%，国外报道的最高成熟率为(85.7±4.1)%；第二部分对猪卵母细胞孤雌激活的化学方法进行了研究，确立了化学激活猪卵母细胞的两种最佳方法：1将成熟的去卵丘颗粒细胞的MII期卵母细胞用20μmol/Lionomycin作用30min，再将卵母细胞培养于含5μg/mlCB和5mM/L 6-DMAP(6-二甲基氨基嘌呤)的NCSU-23培养液中，卵裂率和桑囊胚发育率达到(76.7±7.6)%和(37.1±6.4)%2将成熟的去卵丘颗粒细胞的MII期卵母细胞在200μM/L的Thimerosal中处理20min，再与8mM的DTT共孵育30min，卵裂率和桑/囊胚形成率为(81.0±2.8)%和(39.6±2.7)%；第三部分对孤雌激活胚胎的培养条件进行了研究，确立了一种最佳的胚胎培养条件：在SOF简单培养基中添加颗粒细胞进行前3天的培养，然后转入添加胎牛血清的NCSU—23培养基并和输卵管上皮细胞进行后期的培养，其桑椹胚和囊胚的发育率为(59.5±3.2)%；第四部分研究了IGF-I
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Following chemical activation, blastocysts rate of the treated oocytes was similar to untreated oocytes.8 Following fertilization, however, few oocytes inhibited with CHX developed into morulae/blastocysts, due to a high incidence of polyspermy.9 Cortical granule migration occurred during inhibition, but CHX inhibition impaired CG migration, significantly no oocytes inhibited by CHX completed CG migration after maturation.10 CHX inhibition had no effects onα-microtubles and microfilaments of goat oocytes.
抑制24h转为正常培养24h，不影响卵母细胞的成熟和孤雌激活能力，并且CHX抑制后再成熟的卵母细胞经孤雌激活发育到囊胚的比例与对照组卵母细胞相似。8、体外受精后，CHX抑制后再成熟卵母细胞的多精受精现象显著增加，发育到桑椹胚/囊胚的比例显著低于对照组。9、CHX抑制过程中皮质颗粒仍能发生迁移，但是CHX抑制会对皮质颗粒的迁移造成不可恢复的损伤，使再成熟的卵母细胞内皮质颗粒不能完全迁移。10、CHX抑制对山羊卵母细胞α-微管和微丝都没有影响，无论是抑制后处于生发泡期的卵母细胞，还是抑制后再成熟的卵母细胞，微管和微丝的分布都与对照卵母细胞相似。
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objective we start with clinical research to explore the ability and mechanism of ion conduction with chinese herbs to curing ovulatory obstacle.methods adopting the methods of clinical observation random contrast.select the cases of ovulatory obstacle dividing randomly into two groups:therapeutic group and control group,the patients of therapeutic group using ion conduction with chinese herbs with act'on nourishing blood and promoting blood circulation to dissipate blood stasis when follicle grow up to 1.4cm.we take the decoction of jia jian tao hong si wu tang conducting the unilateral lower abdomen which has the dominant follicle,treating continuously for 4～8 days and observing ovulation.the patients of control group inject hcg 10000unit when follicle grow up to 1.8cm and observing ovulation.appraising two groups ovulated rate and pregnancy rate,and detect fsh、lh、e2、p at sixteen to eighteen days of menstrual cycle.results ion conduction with chinese herbs can significantly inspires ovulation and its effection is evidently higher than control group and has a higher pregnancy rate,no side effect of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.conclusion ion conduction with chinese herbs has significant function on inspiring ovulation.the target effection of treating ovulatory obstacle is exact.this method has a ovulated rate and higher pregnancy rate.
采用临床观察、随机对照的方法，选择排卵障碍的患者，随机分为治疗组和对照组，治疗组在b超监测卵泡生长达到1.6cm时，给予具有养血、活血化瘀作用的加减桃红四物汤水煎剂，用离子导入仪将中药水煎剂导入有优势卵泡的一侧少腹部，连续治疗4～8时天，同时连续监测卵泡排出情况。对照组在b超监测卵泡达到1.8cm时，开始采用hcg10000u肌注，连续b超监测卵泡排出情况。评价两组排卵率及受孕率，同时在月经周期的第16～22天抽血查fsh、lh、e2、p。结果运用离子导入的方法将具有促排卵作用的加减桃红四物汤水煎剂导入有优势卵泡的一侧附件，其促排卵的作用优于用hcg肌注促排卵，而且受孕率高，无卵巢过激综合征之虞。结论中药离子导入具有显著的促排卵作用，其治疗排卵障碍的靶向作用确切，排卵率及受孕率高。
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In the present study, we collected cumulus cells oocyte complex from ovaries of two different strain mice. The cumulusenclosed oocytes were cultured for 6 h in MEM supplemented with growth factor and FSH. The meiotic maturation of these oocytes has progressed to pro-metaphse Ⅰ stage and the condensed chromosomes are visible under DIC microscope, metaphase Ⅰ spindle even can be detected under Polscope. The metaphase Ⅰ spindles of oocytes were exchanged under such microscopes. After electric stimuli, 91. 6% and 91. 6% karyoplasts-cytoplasm pairs were fused respectively. The resulting oocytes were cultured further in MEM and over 80% of oocytes released the first polar body. 79% and 77% of oocytes formed two pronuclei after in vitro fertilization and the embryos were cultured in KSOM supplemented with amino acids. Over 60% of embryos developed to blastocyst stage.
在本研究中我们在取得两种不同品系小鼠的卵丘卵母细胞复合体后，先将卵丘卵母细胞复合体置于含有多种生长因子和激素的MEM培养液中培养6小时，此时卵母细胞已进入第一次减数分裂的前中期，并且在DIC倒置显微镜下可以看到浓缩的染色体，用Polscope可以发现明显的纺锤体，借助这种显微镜通过显微操作将两种不同品系小鼠来源的卵母细胞的MI纺锤体进行互换，经过三次直流电脉冲作用后，分别有91.6％的胞质—MI核质体对融合，经过进一步的培养后，超过80％的重组卵母细胞排出第一极体，体外受精后分别有79％和77％的重组卵形成双原核，受精后的胚胎在KSOM胚胎培养液中体外培养4天后，超过60％的胚胎发育至囊胚。
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The results show that: 1 supplementation of protein to maturation media improves cumulus expansion in vitro compared to the protein-free control, but cumulus expansion is not necessarily related to oocyte nuclear maturation in pigs, and cumulus expansion is not the criterae for determination of nuclear maturation of pig oocytes, but only the exclusion of the first polar body; 2 exposure of pig COCs to hormone supplements for 23-24 hours improved cumulus expansion but had no significant effect on nuclear maturation compared to that for 46-48 hours; 3 under our research conditions, supplementation of different proteins into different maturation media has different effects on porcine oocyte nuclear maturation, but has no significant effect on subsequent embryonic development after IVF; 4 the nuclear maturation rates of pig oocytes matured in mTCM+pFF and mNCSU+pFF are superior than that in mNCSU+FCS; 5 different maturation media have no effect on pig oocyte cumulus expansion and subsequent embryonic development after IVF.
结果显示：(1)在成熟液中添加蛋白质可以加强卵丘细胞的扩散，但猪卵母细胞的核成熟与其周围的卵丘细胞扩展没有必然的联系，卵丘细胞扩散或成放射状不宜作为猪卵母细胞核成熟的标准，只有排出第一极体才能作为猪卵母细胞核成熟的标志；(2)在猪COCs的46-48小时成熟培养的后23-24小时阶段去除成熟液中的激素不但可以保证卵母细胞的核成熟率，而且可加强卵丘细胞的扩散；(3)在现有实验条件下，在mTCM和mNCSU中添加10％pFF与在mNCSU中添加10％FCS相比可获得较高的猪卵母细胞核成熟率；(4)在不同的成熟液中添加不同的蛋白质对猪卵母细胞核成熟率的影响效果不一样，但对体外受精后的早期胚胎发育影响不明显；(5)成熟液种类对猪卵母细胞的卵丘细胞扩散和体外受精后的早期胚胎发育无显著影响。
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The cumulus cells of OCC were cut off and dispersed by 1 mL syringe. The cumulus cells were co-cultured with the immature oocytes retrieved from the COH cycles after they adherent to the bottom of the dish. The immature oocytes were experienced IVM procedures in different culture media. They were divided into 3 groups(the oocytes at germinal vesicle stage from one woman were allotted to the same group randomly). Group 1: basic culture medium+ human follicular fluid; Group 2: solution A+ cumulus cells; Group 3: solution A+ OCC+ follicle stimulating hormone + epidermal growth factor. Then, the maturation rate, fertilization rate and formation rate of available embryo were observed.
在控制性促排卵周期有未成熟卵母细胞时，将同周期成熟卵丘复合体切出部分卵丘细胞，用1 mL注射器抽打分散细胞，贴壁培养。113个治疗周期中，298枚生发泡期卵母细胞经3种不同培养液体外成熟培养(同一病人的生发泡期卵被随机分到某同一组中)：第1组28个周期中73枚：基础培养液+卵泡液；第2组40个周期中115枚：A液+分散贴壁的卵丘细胞；第3组45个周期中110枚：A液+分散贴壁的卵丘细胞+促卵泡生成激素+表皮生长因子。
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blastomere：(卵)裂球
卵裂产生的细胞称为囊胚细胞或卵裂球(blastomere). 卵裂球只是数量增多,每个卵裂球没有生长,卵裂球紧挨在一起,总体没有增大. 第一次卵裂和第二次卵裂都是纵向分裂,但两者的分裂面相互呈直角,把受精卵垂直分裂成4个体积相同的卵裂球.
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chorion：卵壳
使卵有一个适宜的生长发育环境.产卵于植物组织.三,卵的基本结构 昆虫的卵是一个大型细胞.最外面是起保护作用的卵壳(chorion),卵壳里面 的簿层称卵黄膜(vitelline membrane)围着原生质,卵黄及核.丰富的卵黄 充塞在原生质网络的空隙内,
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egg envelope; e. membrane：卵封;卵外膜
egg cell 卵細胞 | egg envelope; e. membrane 卵封;卵外膜 | egg jelly 卵膠
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egg membrane; e. envelope：卵封;卵外膜
egg mass 卵塊 | egg membrane; e. envelope 卵封;卵外膜 | egg pedicle 卵梗
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fraternal twins：异卵双生
因而,同卵双生和异卵双生( fraternal twins)之间各种倾向的不同是由基因上的差别决定的. 斯佩克特指出,这项研究结果显示,同卵双生的性高潮的经历比异卵双生的经历更加相似. 而同卵双生与异卵双生之间的差别主要存在于基因上,
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non-identical twins：非同卵双生 ,非同卵孪生,非同卵孪生儿
non-flowering plant 无花植物 | non-identical twins 非同卵双生 ,非同卵孪生,非同卵孪生儿 | non-living thing 非生物
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oogonium：卵原细胞
卵子的发生过程包括卵原细胞(Oogonium)的增殖、卵母细胞(Oocyte)的生长和卵母细胞的成熟三个阶段. 在胚胎期性别分化后,雌性胎儿的原始生殖细胞便分化为卵原细胞. 卵原细胞与其它细胞一样含有典型的细胞成分;
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oospore：卵孢子
(1)卵孢子(oospore):卵菌的有性孢子. 是由两个异型配子囊--雄器和藏卵器接触后,雄器的细胞质和细胞核经授精管进入藏卵器,与卵球核配,最后受精的卵球发育成厚壁的、双倍体的卵孢子. (2)接合孢子(zygospore):接合菌的有性孢子.
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ovulation：排卵;放卵
卵胎生 Ovoviviparity | 排卵,放卵 Ovulation | 卵,小卵 Ovule,Ovum,Egg
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vitelline：卵黃(的);蛋黃(色)的;类似卵黃的
vitellin 卵黃磷蛋白 | vitelline 卵黃(的);蛋黃(色)的;类似卵黃的 | vitellolutein 卵黃黃质;卵黃黃素